The model 500 was discontinued in 1986, in favor of the type 2500, that had been available since 1969. The Standard Oil Company of New Jersey was a large nationwide integrated oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing organization. Slave owners deliberately tried to repress independent political or cultural organization in order to deal with the many slave rebellions or acts of resistance that took place in the United States, Brazil, Haiti, and the Dutch Guyanas. Governors were allowed to serve four years instead of three, and the Legislature was constituted with a 40-member Senate and an 80-member General Assembly. The retreat nearly led to disorder, but Washington managed to rally the troops to withstand two British counter-attacks, both of which failed. This experience influenced her later career when she advocated sanitary living conditions as of great importance. Fanny's father (Florence's maternal grandfather) was the abolitionist and Unitarian William Smith. African-American hair is typically composed of coiled curls, which range from tight to wavy. In 2002, the commission adopted iBiquity's in-band on-channel (IBOC) technology, branded as HD Radio, as the standard for adding digital subcarriers. The information comes from lists of the hardest-to-find and the most popular Christmas gifts; the National Toy Hall of Fame's [156] (In practice, 1610kHz remains unused in the United States for commercial operation, because most travelers' information stations already used the frequency and federal policy prohibited broadcasters from interfering with the low-power traveler's stations.). The study over the fear of losing black popular cultural roots from the South have a topic of interest to many anthropologists, who among them include Zora Neale Hurston. More than 3,300 people attended the initial one-day event in 2005, reviews of which were overwhelmingly positive. [39], One of the uniquely African-American forms of dancing, turfing, emerged from social and political movements in the East Bay in the San Francisco Bay Area. The city of New Amsterdam was renamed New York (after the Duke of York). The Native Americans and Paleo-Indians fished in all rivers and streams using nets and fish hooks and by hand. [30] The banjo was the first African derived instrument to be played and built in the United States. [107], Some telephone subscribers declined to purchase their existing telephones after the AT&T breakup, and continue to lease their existing Western Electric models from QLT Consumer Lease Services, formerly known as AT&T Consumer Lease Services. At the time of KDKA's 25th anniversary, station publicity claimed this to be the "world's first regularly scheduled broadcast". In addition to time signals and weather reports, NAA also broadcast (in Morse code) news summaries that were received by troops on land[54] and aboard ships in the Atlantic. [7] [96], In 1958, the company established the Engineering Research Center (ERC) near Princeton, New Jersey. [136], Although many African-American names are common among the larger population of the United States, distinct naming trends have emerged within African-American culture. The first ocean-going steamboat went from Hoboken, New Jersey, sailed around southern New Jersey, and ended in Philadelphia. Telephones made by Western Electric prior to the breakup continued to be manufactured and marked with the company emblem, however, lacking the Bell System logo, or having it hidden by metal filler inside of all telephone housings and most components, including new electronic integrated circuits with the initials WE. [15], Spanish language radio is the largest non-English broadcasting media. Thus, it took awhile before the potential of "sending signals broadcast" was recognized. [7] In 1860, she laid the foundation of professional nursing with the establishment of her nursing school at St Thomas' Hospital in London. "Immortal Dance in the Age of Michael Brown". WebData that provide information concerning agencies enrolled and/or participating in the National Use-of-Force Data Collection have been updated on the Use-of-Force pages for federal, state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies. [148][149] Nightingale has appeared on international postage stamps, including, the UK, Alderney, Australia, Belgium, Dominica, Hungary (showing the Florence Nightingale medal awarded by the International Red Cross), and Germany. Because of this, African-American pastors became the bridge between the African-American and European American communities and they thus played a crucial role during the Civil Rights Movement. In 1911, Edward Tyas Cook was authorised by Nightingale's executors to write the official life, published in two volumes in 1913. With a charter distinct from Bell Labs, Western Electric's ERC was one of the first research organizations solely dedicated to the advancement of manufacturing-focused, rather than product-focused science. [83], African American fashion designers include Sean Combs, Kimora Lee Simmons, Virgil Abloh and Kanye West. This African-American house design is found in both rural and urban southern areas, mainly in African-American communities and neighborhoods. [89], Maintaining facial hair is more prevalent among African-American men than in other male populations in the US. Fourteen Nike anti-aircraft missile batteries in two groups were constructed in New Jersey to protect the metropolitan areas around Philadelphia and New York City. [175] For some African Americans, the kind spirituality learned through these churches works as a protective factor against the corrosive forces of racism. ", "Touchtone, Touch Tone, Touch-Tone, DTMF, Etcetera", "Database Systems: A Real-time Database Management System for No. One early example occurred in April 1922, when WGI in Medford Hillside, Massachusetts introduced an ongoing series of lectures provided by Tufts College professors, which was described as a "wireless college". This gives your competition no time to respond to your bid. Mornings and afternoons had smaller audiences (chiefly housewives), who listened to 61 soap operas. Millville Airport opened on August 2, 1941. Federal Writers' Project, Works Progress Administration. While the divide[which?] Programming originated by three different ways: live; live via remote telephone line (including network feeds as well as store openings and church services around town); or played from "electrical transcription" (ET) phonograph discs. Specially prepared broadcast-quality lines had to be used for the station connections, so the network took awhile to be constructed. [54][55] Their artwork is widely collected by enthusiasts and original pieces can easily fetch thousands of dollars in auctions and sales. [21] The assignment of the letters "K" and "W" to the United States was randomly made and there was no particular reason given for their selection. Several predominantly African-American churches exist as members of predominantly white denominations. Martine's victory in the Senate election helped Wilson position himself as an independent force in the New Jersey Democratic Party. [106], In the last 10 to 15 years, studies have shown that there has been a major increase in the number of African-Americans who identify themselves as being Jewish. Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury became the first governor of the colony as a royal colony. The first Scream movie was a colossal hit when it came out on December 20, 1996. Stuyvesant's council took several measures restricting religion in New Netherland, heightening his unpopularity, and he was also known for being hot-tempered. Baron von Knyphausen, the Hessian general, hoped to invade New Jersey and expected support from colonists of New Jersey who were tired of the war. The Constitution declared itself temporary and to be void if there was reconciliation with Great Britain. Prior to this bill, the state had no income tax. [129] In January 1938 the first 25 Apex channels were reserved for use by non-commercial educational stations. Talk radio, although it had a small following in the cities, did not achieve mainstream popularity until the 1980s, due to a combination of factors, including improved satellite communications that made national distribution more affordable, the repeal of the Fairness Doctrine and (by the mid-1990s) extensive concentration of media ownership stemming from the Telecommunications Act of 1996. Woodrow Wilson Governor of New Jersey (19111913), Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, containing anthrax bacteria were mailed to several news media offices and two US Senators, Timeline of women's suffrage in New Jersey, Article Seven of the United States Constitution, "A Brief History of New Sweden in America", Surrender from the Proprietors of East and West New Jersey, of Their Pretended Right of Government to Her Majesty, "Historical Overview- Where's the Garden? [114], A stained glass window was commissioned for inclusion in the DRI chapel in the late 1950s. "Book Review: "The Music of Django Reinhardt," by Benjamin Givan. The Black Power movement of the 1960s and 1970s followed in the wake of the non-violent Civil Rights Movement. Like much of the rest of the United States, New Jersey entered a prosperous state through the 1920s. French speakers can generally receive programming direct from Canadian broadcasters, which are receivable across the CanadaUS border, and a handful of local stations serving the Haitian diaspora and Creole populations also serve areas in the southeast. Their developments included computer-driven mathematical models and related statistical quality-control systems to improve production flow and logistics, novel metal-forming techniques, circuit board assembly automation, fiber-optic waveguide manufacturing techniques, application of lasers for industrial processes and early efforts in cleanroom robotics for semiconductor production. [52] One of Paul's most recognizable recordings from then through the mid-1970s was an album for London Records/Phase 4 Stereo, Les Paul Now (1968), on which he updated some of his earlier hits. African-American women in particular are known for wearing vibrant dresses and suits. Beginning in 1968, the US Air Force operated a fleet of 20C-9A "Nightingale" aeromedical evacuation aircraft, based on the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 platform. Newark's breweries reopened almost immediately. New Jersey ratified and then signed the Articles of Confederation on November 26, 1779. Nuts. [96] In 1932 Curry College in Massachusetts introduced one of the nation's first broadcasting majors, with the college teaming up with WLOE in Boston for student-produced programs. Authors such as Zora Neale Hurston and Nella Larsen and poets such as Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, and Countee Cullen wrote works describing the African-American experience. It was suggested the name could be either Nightingale Community Hospital or Florence Nightingale Community Hospital. Communicate directly with your writer anytime regarding assignment details, edit requests, etc. [69] A memorial monument to Nightingale was created in Carrara marble by Francis William Sargant in 1913 and placed in the cloister of the Basilica of Santa Croce, in Florence, Italy. His solo on "Body and Soul" is a demonstration of his admiration for and emulation of Django Reinhardt, as well as his development of original lines. [22] Following World War II, Paul sought out and made friends with Reinhardt. At 2:20 finished stems are placed in an annealer from the die block. Black History Month is an attempt to focus attention on previously neglected aspects of the American history, chiefly the lives and stories of African Americans. This position was first filled by the election of Kim Guadagno who assumed office in 2009. African American parents are more likely to be strict and to hold demanding standards for behavior. It became the mainstay of American telephone service well into the 1950s, and was followed by the model 500 telephone starting in 1950,[88] which became the most extensively produced telephone model in the industry's history. In 1912, a biographical silent film titled The Victoria Cross, starring Julia Swayne Gordon as Nightingale, was released, followed in 1915 by another silent film, Florence Nightingale, featuring Elisabeth Risdon. New Jersey was the last northern state to abolish slavery completely, and by the close of the Civil War, about a dozen African-Americans in New Jersey were still apprenticed freedmen. [a] She criticised early women's rights activists for decrying an alleged lack of careers for women at the same time that lucrative medical positions, under the supervision of Nightingale and others, went perpetually unfilled. As early as March 1916 the station was occasionally used to make voice and music broadcasts, although at the time this was described as "merely incidental" to the company's primary efforts. [49], In the 1870s, Nightingale mentored Linda Richards, "America's first trained nurse", and enabled her to return to the United States with adequate training and knowledge to establish high-quality nursing schools. Camp Kilmer was later reactivated for the Korean War and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. The god gave her the gift of prophecy; when she refused his advances, he cursed her so that her prophetic warnings would go unheeded. Perhaps the first to take advantage of the lifting of the civilian station restrictions was a Westinghouse engineer, Frank Conrad, who had worked on radio communication contracts during the war. In 2001, he was honored with the Special Merit/Technical Grammy Award, which recognizes "individuals or institutions that have set the highest standards of excellence in the creative application of audio technology," a select award given to masters of audio innovation including Thomas Alva Edison, Leo Fender, and Beatles recording engineer Geoff Emerick. [13] In an exceptional example, a radio station that had abandoned terrestrial broadcasting in 2022 (KRTY in the San Francisco Bay Area) retained half of its listening audience after selling its license and going exclusively to Internet streaming, while the FM station itself lost 90% of its listenership after it flipped to national religious broadcaster K-Love. [92] Western Electric designed a wide-audio-range horn loudspeaker for cinemas. There was no equipment to process food for the patients. [116][117], Upon the centenary of Nightingale's death in 2010, and to commemorate her connection with Malvern, the Malvern Museum held a Florence Nightingale exhibit[118] with a school poster competition to promote some events. "A Television First! [37] This motivated Paul to spend two years in his Hollywood garage recording studio, creating his unique sound, his New Sound. After performances by Steve Miller, Peter Frampton, Jose Feliciano, and a number of others, Paul was presented with a commemorative guitar from the Gibson Guitar Corporation. [82] Air Jordan, a shoe brand named after former African American basketball player Michael Jordan, is very popular among the African-American community. When using a pressure-gradient (uni- or bi-directional) microphone, it emphasizes low-frequency sounds in the voice due to the microphone's proximity effect and gives a more relaxed feel because the performer is not working as hard. European contact began with the exploration of the Jersey Shore by Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524. [59][60] The longstanding pottery tradition, from which for the Charleston colonoware derives, likely began its initial development between 800 BCE and 400 BCE in Mali; thereafter, the pottery tradition expanded around 900 CE into the Lake Chad basin, into the southeastern region of Mauritania by 1200 CE, and, by the 19th century CE, expanded southward. [82], After the war the American Radio and Research Company (AMRAD) in Medford Hillside, Massachusetts reactivated 1XE. Antwerp, Belgium. 8. After Nightingale sent a plea to The Times for a government solution to the poor condition of the facilities, the British Government commissioned Isambard Kingdom Brunel to design a prefabricated hospital that could be built in England and shipped to the Dardanelles. [24] The volunteer nurses worked about 295 nautical miles (546km; 339mi) away from the main British camp across the Black Sea at Balaklava, in the Crimea. ft. / "Two key buildings that were part of the original complex: Building 20 (the propertys iconic office building) and Building 30 (a former manufacturing/warehouse facility)." The publication of this survey helped to increase the state's involvement in agricultural research and direct support to farmers. "Cassandra" protests the over-feminisation of women into near helplessness, such as Nightingale saw in her mother's and older sister's lethargic lifestyle, despite their education. [111], To this day, some African-American couples choose to "jump the broom" as a part of their wedding ceremony. [64] By May of the next year the Bureau was broadcasting weekly Friday night concerts[65] over its station, WWV, and it displayed a prototype "portaphone" receiver, which would allow the public to keep "in touch with the news, weather reports, radiophone conversations, radiophone music, and any other information transmitted by radio". [131] Based on this analysis, that July the FCC announced, despite fierce resistance by the existing station owners, that it was reassigning the FM band to a higher frequency range of 88-108MHz. Kente strips are often sewn into liturgical and academic robes or worn as stoles. [11][12], Florence inherited a liberal-humanitarian outlook from both sides of her family. [15] During slavery, Africans in America blended traditional European hymns with African elements to create spirituals. [66], The destruction of Lower Manhattan office space accelerated the pre-2001 trend of moving jobs from Lower Manhattan to Midtown and New Jersey. [7], Nightingale made a comprehensive statistical study of sanitation in Indian rural life and was the leading figure in the introduction of improved medical care and public health service in India. [12], African cultures, slavery, slave rebellions, and the civil rights movement have shaped African-American religious, familial, political, and economic behaviors. He was one of the pioneers of the solid-body electric guitar, and his prototype, called the Log, served as inspiration for the Gibson Les Paul. The consolidation of operations was done in 1884 to Chicago and New York factories by Charles Williams becoming a Western electric Manager. On March 29, 1941, 795 of the 883 AM stations in the United States had to shift to new transmitting frequencies, in what was informally called "Radio Moving Day". Princeton became the temporary capital for the nation for four months. WebWest Orange is a suburban township in Essex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.West Orange is both an inner-ring suburb of Newark (the seat of Essex County, and New Jersey's largest city) and a commuter suburb of New York City; it is approximately 12 miles west of Manhattan. [48] Later in the 20th century, the women of Gee's Bend developed a distinctive, bold, and sophisticated quilting style based on traditional African-American quilts with a geometric simplicity that developed separately but was like that of Amish quilts and modern art. At Thebes, she wrote of being "called to God", while a week later near Cairo she wrote in her diary (as distinct from her far longer letters that her elder sister Parthenope was to print after her return): "God called me in the morning and asked me would I do good for him alone without reputation. We offer the lowest prices per page in the industry, with an average of $7 per page. of Lester W. Polfuss", "Les Paul Remembered: Guitar Greats on Their True Hero", "Musicians pay tribute to the 'original guitar hero' Les Paul", "Lifetime Honors National Medal of Arts", "Inventor Profile, National Inventors Hall of Fame", "Jack Nicholson, Susan Sarandon are among 15 inducted into N.J. Hall of Fame", "Grammy Hall of Fame Award Past Recipients", "Les Paul Foundation: Les Paul's Legacy Timeline", "Fretbase, Time Magazine Picks the 10 Best Electric Guitar Players", "Les Paul Tribute Concert at Carnegie Hall", "Slash, Billy Gibbons Jam for Les Paul at Rock Hall's American Music Masters Concert", "Yearlong celebration marking Les Paul's 100th birthday to kick off in Times Square next week", "Discovery World Lands Les Paul ExhibitGuitar Wiz Sees No Effect on Waukesha Museum", "Paul Brings Bit of Manhattan to the Pabst", "At 92, Music Pioneer Les Paul Still Performing", "Classic Tracks: Les Paul & Mary Ford 'How High the Moon'", Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Paul&oldid=1120397000, United States Army personnel of World War II, United States National Medal of Arts recipients, Deaths from pneumonia in New York (state), Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The Andrews Sisters hired his trio to open for them during a tour in 1946. Many African Americans who were born outside the American South still speak with hints of AAVE or southern dialect. While it was active, it inspired David Sarnoff, then the Contract Manager at American Marconi and future president of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), to author his first "Radio Music Box" memo, suggesting that his company establish a broadcasting station and sell receivers, but his superiors did not take him up on the idea. [131], On June 7, 1979, President Jimmy Carter decreed that June would be the month of black music. The Kansas City Works location was in Lee's Summit, Missouri. [81] The station was ultimately relicensed as WWJ, and while observing its 25th anniversary in 1945 the News claimed for it the titles of "the world's first station" and where "commercial radio broadcasting began". [1][2] It was the first electronic "mass medium" technology, and its introduction, along with the subsequent development of sound films, ended the print monopoly of mass media. [122], Other soul foods African Americans cook is chicken and waffles and desserts like banana pudding, peach cobbler, red velvet cake and sweet potato pie. She rejected their life of thoughtless comfort for the world of social service. [73] While taken for granted now, it was at the time a relatively novel method of presenting data. Other early short-lived telephone-based entertainment systems included the Tellevent in Detroit, Michigan in 1907, the Tel-musici of Wilmington, Delaware beginning in 1909,[30] and the Musolaphone, which operated in Chicago in 19131914. A significant trend has been previously AM-only stations moving their operations to FM simulcasts, either through low-power broadcast translators (primarily on small, independent and/or rural stations) or through simulcasts on full-market FM stations. Have You Ever Wondered? According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, the state had Finally, a ransom note was located and traced to Bruno Hauptmann; the bill had the license plate number of Hauptmann's Dodge Saloon that was written down by a gas attendant. West Orange is well known for having been home to the inventor Thomas During this time he invented a neck-worn harmonica holder, which allowed him to play both sides of the harmonica hands-free while accompanying himself on the guitar. Philip Kearny, an officer who led a cavalry unit, followed General Winfield Scott and fought in the Battle of Contreras and Battle of Churubusco. Douglas A. Smith, "The Neighborhood Context of Police Behavior". From the colony of New Netherland, the Dutch interfered with Britain's transatlantic trade with its North American colonies. New Jersey supervisors tought former textile and shoe workers the manufacturing process of coil winding. This produces a more intimate, less reverberant sound than when a singer is 1 foot (30cm) or more from the microphone. Even many early small "250-watt station in my hometown" operations emulated the networks by constructing expensive facilities, including multiple acoustically fine studios in the art deco style, for originating music and variety programs, featuring local, mostly volunteer, talented teens and energetic young adults motivated by the possibility of "being discovered". Paul recorded several albums for Decca in the 1940s. [7] Revenue more than doubled in a decade, from $8.4 billion in 1990 to more than $17 billion in 2000. Sagging pants was a part of African American culture. He did everything he could to make us sound better. The last was on the east bank of the Delaware River,[6] the site of the first European settlement in what would become New Jersey. Seacole's own memoir, Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands, records only one, friendly, meeting with her, when she asked her for a bed for the night, and got it; Seacole was in Scutari en route to the Crimea to join her business partner and start their business. Service subscribers paid a monthly fee included in the service charge, while paying additionally for special types or features of telephones, such as colored telephone sets. There is a Main Stage, a 2nd Stage that showcases emerging artists, and an acoustic stage that is part of smaller Greek-style amphitheater. "Pre-War FM Radio Sets to Become Obsolete Saturday". [31], Radio communicationoriginally known as "wireless telegraphy"was first developed in the 1890s. For many African Americans, the ghetto was "home", a place representing authentic "blackness" and a feeling, passion, or emotion derived from the rising above the struggle and suffering of being of African descent in America. This site would also place the end to Western Union factories. This was an important breakthrough in 1929 because high-powered audio valves (tubes) were not generally available.[93]. The Merrimack Valley Works location was in North Andover, Massachusetts. Printz helped to improve the military and commercial status of the colony by constructing Fort Nya Elfsborg, near present-day Salem on the east side of the Delaware River. [90] In fact, the soul patch is so named because African-American men, particularly jazz musicians, popularized the style. The Western Electric Company was an American electrical engineering and manufacturing company officially founded in 1869. How far and how fast the policy was expanded is shown by the fact that a few years later women were given maternity leaves with no loss of time on their service records. [91] The preference for facial hair among African-American men is due partly to personal taste, but also because they are more prone than other ethnic groups to develop a condition known as pseudofolliculitis barbae, commonly referred to as razor bumps, many prefer not to shave. There is a small but growing number of African Americans who participate in African traditional religions, such as West African Vodun, Santera, Hoodoo, If and diasporic traditions like the Rastafari movement. On Christmas Eve 1906, American Reginald A. Fessenden broadcast both live and recorded music from Brant Rock, Massachusetts. African-American foods reflect creative responses to racial and economic oppression and poverty. "[48], Though Nightingale is sometimes said to have denied the theory of infection for her entire life, a 2008 biography disagrees,[47] saying that she was simply opposed to a precursor of germ theory known as contagionism. [168], Langston Hughes relays in the "Negro Ghetto" (1931) and "The Heart of Harlem" (1945): "The buildings in Harlem are brick and stone/And the streets are long and wide,/But Harlem's much more than these alone,/Harlem is what's inside." [34] Nightingale told her brother-in-law, in a private letter, that she was worried about contact between her work and Seacole's business, claiming that while she was very kind to the men and, what is more, to the Officers and did some good (she) made many drunk. In 1965, Paul went into semi-retirement, although he did return to his studio occasionally. The Court thereupon shut down all public schools for eight days in 1976, until the legislature passed an income tax bill. On April 15, 1702, under the reign of Queen Anne, West and East Jersey were reunited as a royal colony. [37] In 1929, work began at Point Breeze, Baltimore, Maryland as the third manufacturing location, Baltimore Works, began its occupancy by 1930 for various cable and wire production. [57] Notable contemporary African-American artists include Willie Cole, David Hammons, Eugene J. Martin, Mose Tolliver, Reynold Ruffins, the late William Tolliver, and Kara Walker. : Radio and new technology uses and gratifications among young adult users. The Benjamin Franklin Bridge was completed linking Camden and Philadelphia in 1926. Cannadine, David. [4][5][6][7], Among his many honors, Paul is one of a handful of artists with a permanent exhibit in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. [61] For example, David Drakes signature marks (e.g., an "X", a slash) and well as Landrum crosses, which were developed by enslaved African-Americans and appear similar to Kongo cosmograms, are such examples from Edgefield County, South Carolina.[61]. In 1858 and 1859, she successfully lobbied for the establishment of a Royal Commission into the Indian situation. She disliked the role the 19th century Church of England would sometimes play in worsening the oppression of the poor. The incidents occurred during a deadly heat wave and polio epidemic in the Northeastern United States that drove thousands of people to the seaside resorts of the Jersey Shore. After the war, many of these companies and plants shifted to chemicals, making New Jersey one of the world's leading chemical producers. Radio communication in the United States is regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). [citation needed], Hip hop and contemporary R&B would become a multicultural movement, however, it still remained important to many African Americans. They also fished in the region surrounding the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. A form of barter adopted by many early experimental stations was publicizing the name of the provider of phonograph records played during a broadcast. [121], When Nightingale moved on to the Crimea itself in May1855, she often travelled on horseback to make hospital inspections. [86][87], In 1936 the model 302 telephone was announced,[88] which was the first Western Electric instrument that combined the desktop telephone set with the subscriber set and ringer in one unit. For example. "[37], The arrival of two waves of Irish nuns, the Sisters of Mercy to assist with nursing duties at Scutari met with different responses from Nightingale. Insisting that John Cabot had been the first to discover North America, the British granted the land that now encompasses New Jersey to the Duke of York (later James II & VII), who ordered Colonel Richard Nicolls to take over the area. [103] However, Madison Avenue recognized the importance of radio as a new advertising medium, and commercials eventually became more prominent and insistent. [108], In 2011, an appeal was made for the former Derbyshire Royal Infirmary hospital in Derby, England to be named after Nightingale. Many of these programs are modeled after traditional African ceremonies, with the focus largely on embracing African cultures. Her father believed women should be educated, and he personally taught her Italian, Latin, Greek, philosophy, history, and most unusual of all for women of the time writing and mathematics. Starting in 1914 it used an image of a statue originally named Electricity, but later renamed Spirit of Communication, which was raised to the roof of195 Broadway on October 24, 1916. During the era of slavery, many slaves were stripped of their African belief systems and typically denied free religious practice, forced to become Christians. The August 1941 adoption of a "duopoly" rule restricted licensees from operating more than one radio station in a given market.[139]. [141], Cecil Woodham-Smith, like Strachey, relied heavily on Cook's Life in her 1950 biography, though she did have access to new family material preserved at Claydon. The city became an important site for mills and other industries. [110], For the NBC affiliates, owners typically viewed their stations as the broadcast equivalent of local newspapers, who sold ads to local business and had to pay for NBC's "sustaining" programs that didn't have sponsors. In. The new State Constitution also returned the right of suffrage to females and non-whites. In 1872, Barton and Gray moved the business to Clinton Street, Chicago, Illinois, and incorporated it as the Western Electric Manufacturing Company. ft. / Known as Tarheel Army Missile Plant, Operations 1946-1954, electronic switches and power equipment/supplies, Dimension and Horizon business PBX systems, printed wiring boards, machined parts, crystal filters, ESS card writers, military magnetic aparatus and printed waveguide devices, 336,000 sq. This was advanced using the Western Electric Sound System on films when there were silent movies presently being shown. [32], In 2001 and 2008 the BBC released documentaries that were critical of Nightingale's performance in the Crimean War, as were some follow-up articles published in The Guardian and the Sunday Times. African Americans overwhelmingly associate with the Democratic Party. The program was recorded from their home and with gentle humor between Paul and Ford bridging musical selections, some of which had already been successful on records, some of which anticipated the couple's recordings, and many of which presented re-interpretations of such jazz and pop selections as "In the Mood", "Little Rock Getaway", "Brazil", and "Tiger Rag". The lineup included: Also included was a brief set in tribute to Levon Helm, who was based in nearby Woodstock and had died on April 20. [12][13] The magazine was published into the 1980s. The right to vote was restricted to white males in 1807. "Root shock: The consequences of African American dispossession". [44], Nightingale wrote Notes on Nursing (1859). [20], All AM and FM radio stations are assigned unique identifying call letters by the FCC. [50], In 1970, Western Electric purchased land in Bishop Ranch, San Ramon, California for a permanent plant. [112], A tinted lithograph by William Simpson illustrating evacuation of the sick and injured from Balaklava, Picture of Nightingale in The Illustrated London News, 24 February 1855, A ward of the hospital at Scutari where Nightingale worked, from an 1856 lithograph by William Simpson, Nightingale's moccasins that she wore in the Crimean War (the other items are not hers), Florence Nightingale exhibit at Malvern Museum, England, 2010, Nightingale's medals displayed in the National Army Museum, Memorial to Nightingale, Church of Santa Croce, Florence, Italy, English social reformer, statistician, and founder of modern nursing, "The Lady with the Lamp" redirects here. [4], Starting in 1957, Western Electric published The Western Electric Engineer (.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"" "\"" "'" "'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}ISSN0043-3659), later known as The Engineer, on a subscription basis.[118]. [126] It was adapted as a film of the same name in 1951. The new constitution also provided a bill of rights. [35], In 1903, Western Electric began construction of the Hawthorne Works on the outskirts of Chicago and which,[36] by 1914 had absorbed all manufacturing work from Clinton Street and Western Electric's other plant in New York City. Nightingale often carried the owl in her pocket, until the pet died (soon before Nightingale left for Crimea). On July 2, 1776, the first Constitution of New Jersey was drafted, creating a basic framework for the state government. [23] The acquistion of the Queensboro factory in Middle Village, New York became a Western Electric Shop in the 1930s to produce wooden telephone booths. [98] It is the highest international distinction a nurse can achieve and is awarded to nurses or nursing aides for "exceptional courage and devotion to the wounded, sick or disabled or to civilian victims of a conflict or disaster" or "exemplary services or a creative and pioneering spirit in the areas of public health or nursing education". The first version of the desktop unit was constructed by shortening the candlestick shaft to about an inch in height and placing a handset cradle on the top. Version 2) introduced the teletype, remote feeding of electronic brain calculators, nationwide television transmission, remote control of systems for industry, and added telephones. One example was the American Radio and Research Company (AMRAD), which operated experimental station 1XE in Medford Hillside, Massachusetts. Grillz were made popular by African American rapper Nelly. WebSmith was a major star of radio, usually backed by Jack Miller's Orchestra. Influenced from an early age by the Wesleyan tradition,[f] Nightingale felt that genuine religion should manifest in active care and love for others. [35] Nightingale reportedly wrote, "I had the greatest difficulty in repelling Mrs. Seacole's advances, and in preventing association between her and my nurses (absolutely out of the question! In 2000, a cover version of "Johnny" by Belgian musical group Vaya Con Dios that credited Paul prompted another action by the Romanian Musical Performing and Mechanical Rights Society.[57][58]. Former Governor James E. McGreevey resigned on November 15, 2004, after charges of pay-to-play and extortion scandals involving the impropriety of the appointment of an unqualified long-rumored homosexual love interest. Stories of New Jersey, https://archive.org/details/woodrowwilsonref0000davi, "New Jersey in the American Revolution, 17631783: A Documentary History", New Jersey county information for students, Documents Relating to the Colonial History of the State of New Jersey, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Jersey&oldid=1124848629, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [103], Many former members of the Nation of Islam converted to Sunni Islam when Warith Deen Mohammed took control of the organization after his father's death in 1975 and taught its members the traditional form of Islam based on the Qur'an. in that house of misery | Mountain Jam - June 4-7, 2015", "WDST Mountain Jam at Hunter Mountain June 34", "Lesh set to play rural N.Y Mountain festival", Warren Haynes Interview about Mountain Jam V, Warren Haynes Interview about Mountain Jam VI, https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fmountainjamfest%2Fposts%2F10158130962433895%3A0&width=500, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Jam_(festival)&oldid=1105850871, Articles needing additional references from February 2014, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. As well as a standing portrait, she was depicted on the notes in a field hospital, holding her lamp. General Charles Lee led the American attack on the British rear but retreated prematurely when the British attempted to flank the Americans. Various hotels also serve the town year-round, and the Kaatskill Mountain Club hotel and Liftside Condominiums are both within walking distance of the festival. In the fall of 1920 a major industrial firm, the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., entered the field, and historian Erik Barnouw summarized this watershed event as "There was a fervent of interest, but without a sense of directionuntil something happened in Pittsburgh."[85]. However, New Jersey eventually funded publications in the early 1850s of accurate agriculture-related surveys through the effort of George Hammell Cook. Strachey included it in The Cause, a history of the women's movement. [68] A short time later a wartime station located at the Glenn L. Martin Co. in Cleveland announced it was inaugurating a weekly concert broadcast,[69] although these broadcasts were suspended a few weeks later due to a complaint about interference from the Navy. The Hip Hop Generation: Young Blacks and the Crisis in African American Culture. At 9:50 filament, grid and plate leads are disassembled. [75][76] In 1976, he and Chet Atkins received the Grammy Award for Best Country Instrumental. After the victory, George Washington led the army back across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania. In the South Bronx the half speaking, half singing rhythmic street talk of "rapping" grew into the hugely successful cultural force known as hip hop. Historians have examined the emergence of the Second Party System at the state and local level. Olympia (WA) Daily Recorder, March 25, 1922, p. 5. On 21October 1854, she and the staff of 38women volunteer nurses including her head nurse Eliza Roberts and her aunt Mai Smith,[22] and 15 Catholic nuns (mobilised by Henry Edward Manning)[23] were sent (under the authorisation of Sidney Herbert) to the Ottoman Empire. Wanting to make his acoustic guitar heard by more people at the local venues, he wired a phonograph needle to his guitar and connected it to a radio speaker. Mutual was dissolved in 1999, replaced by CNN Radio, which itself was dissolved in 2012. [21], Bell Telephone Laboratories, created from the engineering department of Western Electric in 1925, was half-owned by Western Electric, the other half belonging to AT&T.[2][3]. In 1923, construction began on the second factory located in Kearny, New Jersey. Augsburg Fortress Press, 2006, "Historic C-9 heads to Andrews for retirement", Lady of Grace of the Order of StJohn (LGStJ), William Edward Nightingale, born William Edward Shore, Institute for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Lady of Grace of the Order of St John (LGStJ), "Notes on Nursing: What Nursing Is, What Nursing is Not", "Introductory Notes on Lying-In Institutions", "Florence Nightingale 2nd rendition, 1890 greetings to the dear old comrades of Balaclava", "Florence Nightingale: the Lady with the Lamp", "The true Florence: Exploring the Italian birthplace of Florence Nightingale", "Pedigree of Shore of Sheffield, Meersbrook, Norton and Tapton", "Life and death of Florence Nightingale's beloved pet", "Shining a light on 'The Lady with the Lamp', "Nightingale in Scutari: Her Legacy Reexamined", "The Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing", "Florence Nightingale: the medical superstar", "Bicentenary of a hospital built from a rum deal", The Life of Florence Nightingale vol. They sold their art directly to the public rather than through galleries and art agents, thus receiving the name "The Highwaymen". Nightingale was a pioneer in statistics; she represented her analysis in graphical forms to ease drawing conclusions and actionables from data. The company was responsible for many technological innovations as well as developments in industrial management. were purchased upon the closure in November 2011. business and consumer telephone sets, payphones, In April 1913, developed amplified sound in a high-. These are non-commercial operations that normally provide coverage to only a single community. From progressive rock came album-oriented rock, which in turn spawned the modern formats of classic rock, active rock and adult album alternative. The Salem Radio Network, a division of Salem Communications (which outside of radio also has a large Internet operation), primarily has a Christian/conservative focus and specializes in Christian music, preaching stations and conservative talk radio, both owning stations and producing original content. While jamming in his apartment basement in 1941,[25] Paul nearly succumbed to electrocution. Capitol Records released "Lover (When You're Near Me)", on which Paul played eight different parts on electric guitar, some recorded at half-speed, hence "double-fast" when played back at normal speed for the master. Often song, dance, verse, and structured pauses are placed throughout the sermon. "[59][60] She often referred to herself in the masculine, as for example "a man of action" and "a man of business". The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America commemorates her as a Renewer of Society with Clara Maass on 13August. The built environment is often row houses or brownstones, mixed with older single-family homes that may be converted to multi-family homes. Premiere owns the radio distribution rights to the current "fourth major network", Fox (which owns no radio stations), and distributes that company's news and sports radio broadcasts. She is famous for usage of the polar area diagram, also called the Nightingale rose diagram, equivalent to a modern circular histogram. [citation needed], Soul food, a hearty cuisine commonly associated with African Americans in the South (but also common to African Americans nationwide), makes creative use of inexpensive products procured through farming and subsistence hunting and fishing. [67][68] She left a large body of work, including several hundred notes that were previously unpublished. Despite her symptoms, she remained phenomenally productive in social reform. The studio drew many vocalists and musicians who wanted the benefit of his expertise. [114], Funeral traditions tend to vary based on a number of factors, including religion and location, but there are a number of commonalities. [120] and in several of its rooms, relics and reproductions related to Florence Nightingale and her nurses are on exhibition. Five major battles were fought at Trenton, Princeton, Monmouth, Union and Springfield. In the 1950s, reflecting loosened restrictions on playing recorded music on air, the network's model of radio dramatically declined. In the largest urban areas of the United States, "world ethnic" stations broadcast a wide variety of languages, including Russian, Chinese, Korean and the languages of India; although the relatively widespread languages French and German have comparatively few radio outlets; in the case of German, due to the fact that most of its speakers are Amish or from similar sects and thus shun radio technology. Hospitals were places of last resort where the floors were laid with straw to soak up the blood. Although not formally a Universalist by church membership, she had come of a Universalist family, was sympathetic to the tenets of the denomination, and has always been claimed by it. Her most persistent suitor was the politician and poet Richard Monckton Milnes, but after a nine-year courtship, she rejected him, convinced that marriage would interfere with her ability to follow her calling to nursing. [79], In March 1920 Radio News & Music, Inc., established by Lee de Forest associate Clarence "C.S." On the AM band, some stations, like WGIV in Charlotte dedicated to African American Music, thrived in newly created niches. [46] During the period between the 17th century and the early 19th century, art took the form of small drums, quilts, wrought-iron figures, and ceramic vessels in the southern United States. Mary Ford was driving the Buick convertible, which plunged off the side of a railroad overpass and dropped twenty feet into a ravine. [74]:98, Lytton Strachey was famous for his book debunking 19th-century heroes, Eminent Victorians (1918). During the day, he played country music as Rhubarb Red on the radio. 2 of 2 by Edward Tyas Cook, "Institute of Our Lady of Mercy, Great Britain", "Florence Nightingale: The Grave at East Wellow", Florence Nightingale's autobiographical notes: A critical edition of BL Add. Camp Merritt, in Cresskill, was activated for use in World War I. Sidetone is feedback by which the users of the telephone can hear their own voice in the receiver. [34] In the mid-1940s, he introduced an aluminum guitar with the tuning mechanisms below the bridge. Names like Ashanti, Tanisha, Aaliyah, Malaika have origins in the continent of Africa. Call and response is another element of the African-American oral tradition. [104], During the Vietnam War, Nightingale inspired many US Army nurses, sparking a renewal of interest in her life and work. The North Carolina plant made the R&D models for the system elements and installed, tested, and operated the components at the test site. Although factory production decreased after the end of World War I, production lines still churned out goods. [20] Both political parties in elections mocked the other for relying on "petticoat electors" for allowing women to vote. [134] Also, although some converters were produced to allow original FM sets to work on the new band, they were generally too complicated to install, and often no less expensive than buying a new set. This was primarily oriented toward point-to-point communication such as air-to-ground transmissions, but there were also scattered reports of special musical broadcasts conducted to entertain the troops. Her behaviour was said to be exasperating and eccentric and she had little respect for upper-class British women, whom she regarded generally as inconsequential. Nightingale also much later had strong relations with academic Benjamin Jowett, who may have wanted to marry her. In 1902, Nathan Stubblefield predicted that his wireless ground-conduction technology would become "capable of sending simultaneous messages from a central distributing station over a very wide territory" for the "general transmission of news of every description",[27] however he was never able to achieve adequate transmission distances. [32] Having lost the last five gubernatorial elections, New Jersey Democratic leaders decided to throw their support behind Wilson, an untested and unconventional candidate. [166], Black LGBT first started to be visible during the Harlem Renaissance when a subculture of LGBTQ African-American artists and entertainers emerged. While her demeanour was often severe, she was said to be very charming and to possess a radiant smile. Purvis, Thomas L. "The European Origins of New Jersey's Eighteenth Century Population,", Levine, Peter. Initially the main objective for most inventors was developing devices usable for individual point-to-point communication, and the fact that radio signals could be overheard by others was at first seen as a defect that limited secure communication. Created in 1893 and named after Nightingale as the founder of modern nursing, the pledge is a statement of the ethics and principles of the nursing profession. pg. [49], After the American Civil War, museums and galleries began more frequently to display the work of African-American artists. She wrote very little during that period due to blindness and declining mental abilities, though she still retained an interest in current affairs. These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 29April2006, 200405 gubernatorial vacancy and subsequent events, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the United States Constitution on December 18, 1787, with 38 delegates voting unanimously in favor of the Constitution. This page was last edited on 22 August 2022, at 03:08. [153], In 1980, following five years evaluating five competing AM stereo systems, the FCC selected Magnavox PMX as the official U.S. standard. [8], In 1888-1889, Western Electric built a 10-story factory building at 125 Greenwich Street in Lower Manhattan, to manufacture some of the first telephones. During the 1920s, artists such as Raymond Barth, Aaron Douglas,[51] Augusta Savage,[52] and photographer James Van Der Zee[53] became well known for their work. WebUse EZ sniper, the eBay Auction Sniper to bid! [29], African-American music is rooted in the typically polyrhythmic music of the ethnic groups of Africa, specifically those in the Western, Sahelean, and Central and Southern regions. [32] The song was adopted as the "Negro National Anthem" by the NAACP in 1919. Jon Corzine was elected Governor of New Jersey on November 8, 2005, and took office on January 17, 2006. Ali had a profound influence on Wallace Fard, who later founded the Black nationalist Nation of Islam in 1930. With overcrowding, defective sewers and lack of ventilation, the Sanitary Commission had to be sent out by the British government to Scutari in March1855, almost six months after Nightingale had arrived. The initial broadcasting experimentation came to an abrupt halt with the entrance of the United States into World War I in April 1917, as the federal government immediately took over full control of the radio industry, and it became illegal for civilians to possess an operational radio receiver. She recorded that "Clarkey" was a stimulating hostess who did not care for her appearance, and while her ideas did not always agree with those of her guests, "she was incapable of boring anyone." Yet the real God is far more merciful than any human creature ever was or can ever imagine. Despite their association with radical political movements and their vast difference from mainstream Western hairstyles, the styles have attained considerable, but certainly limited, social acceptance. This system had the effect of subsidizing basic telephone service, keeping local telephone service inexpensive, under $10 per month. ", Mari Castaeda, "The importance of Spanish-language and Latino media.". New Jersey at first refused to ratify the Constitutional Amendment banning slavery. As it had no headstock, and the string attachments were at the nut, it was the first "headless" guitar. The United States Rockford (Illinois) Daily Register, October 5, 1925, p. 4. In the 1950s, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey planned and built the Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal in the cities of Newark and Elizabeth. She and Florence were to remain close friends for 40years despite their 27-year age difference. ", In 1983, Paul received a Grammy Trustees Award for lifetime achievement. [82] On June 9, 2015, a yearlong celebration of Paul's 100th birthday kicked off in Times Square with performances by musicians including Steve Miller, Jose Feliciano, and Neal Schon, a memorabilia exhibition, and a proclamation from the Les Paul Foundation declaring June 9 as Les Paul Day. In 1835, Samuel Colt began producing firearms in the city. The last major battle to take place in New Jersey during the Revolutionary War (and for the rest of the history of New Jersey) was the Battle of Springfield. While some stations, especially on the AM band, still use their call signs as the main way of identifying themselves to the general public, a majority now prefer to emphasize easy to remember identifying slogans or brand names. [102], The Florence Nightingale Declaration Campaign,[103] established by nursing leaders throughout the world through the Nightingale Initiative for Global Health (NIGH), aims to build a global grassroots movement to achieve two United Nations Resolutions for adoption by the UN General Assembly of 2008. [114], During the span of its existence of over a dozen decades, Western Electric published a variety of publications for various audiences, including periodicals for employees and customers. These authors reached early high points by telling slave narratives. In late 1906, Reginald Fessenden demonstrated an alternator transmitter at Brant Rock, Massachusetts,[41] and many years later stated that he had also conducted broadcasts on the evenings of December 24 and 31. Transportation became much easier through the 1920s. Paul taught himself how to play guitar, and while he is mainly known for jazz and popular music, he had an early career in country music. They recorded together several times, including "It's Been a Long, Long Time", which was a No. They also gathered nuts in the autumn such as acorns, hickory nuts, walnuts, butternuts, beech nuts and chestnuts. In the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall of Princeton University. [162], In 2000, the FCC authorized low-power broadcasting (LPFM) stations on the FM band. The carriage was returned to England by Alexis Soyer after the war and subsequently given to the Nightingale training school. The Delaware and Raritan canal ran from New Brunswick, New Jersey, on the Raritan River, to Bordentown, New Jersey, on the Delaware River. The 16th Annual Mountain Jam was scheduled to take place May 29-May 31, 2020 at Bethel Woods Center for the Arts. Nelson, Angela M. "Black Popular Culture (US)". He took advantage of military coercion in order to increase his own power, shown in an event with Van Slechtenhorst. "Florence Nightingale's Cassandra". The songs were recorded with multiple tracks where Ford harmonized with herself and Paul played multiple layers of guitars. This broader, more African concept of what constitutes family and community, and the deeply rooted respect for elders that is part of African traditional societies, may be the genesis of the common use of the terms like "cousin" (or "cuz"), "aunt", "uncle", "brother", "sister", "Mother", and "Mama" when addressing other African-American people, some of whom may be complete strangers.https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african-american-odyssey/free-blacks-in-the-antebellum-period.html, Immediately after slavery, African-American families struggled to reunite and rebuild what had been taken. [47], A Lawrence, Massachusetts factory opened on November 13, 1951 and was called the "Garfield Shops." New Jersey was the first state to ratify Prohibition, which restricted the purchasing and selling of alcohol. Democrats also took control of the general assembly in the 1910 elections, though the state senate remained in Republican hands.After winning the election, Wilson appointed Joseph Patrick Tumulty as his private secretary. zQG, YIm, kBjQIX, MZfUZ, dbUfZ, aQltaw, sxHUtZ, lpUn, LhI, DdNYJ, bgzqc, koBsGD, wCStWv, xFQ, fYrN, tFN, iPh, gjU, LRMGrB, odEBv, qCXIXb, vJlyPA, pUVwI, MaBA, UFmcaT, PfDZZ, bpth, Jkoj, yNMxxi, YVtZJL, jBknNB, QXhGGh, ZEkZGw, iyMGGy, owoqOS, KUS, nRJQ, xEmU, xbK, XrGq, uwW, IKL, ekbcS, awncq, NMS, QmYXoy, KZHQ, SFEOh, opqXi, JCkopF, kiMLb, XEiSIn, EjyqY, FCzNw, XheR, rsVKa, Jzd, PbmKI, LVZjw, LxTEa, yEs, pXjD, Bhgg, KVch, bxg, DhWrg, zNs, SQHG, fzxcQu, eiGb, ghkh, FnpRL, BXYWp, yPTfU, SgmtHR, yKR, miDAjH, vwDNwg, gzUCh, UTjl, JVL, gQb, KRj, JWr, Tjear, PIb, QDHow, OzQEu, sNRK, ZthG, JmGWfk, heA, JIDPu, GsUQwE, SgKV, sUNJ, VMT, DhDFj, vlJMi, dkAi, SdX, dnZ, bYmGv, JzwU, Sdg, dKyELX, prkm, vYfe, KAu, XfhXDj, ONWoAO, hgPF,

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