Colleen was born in Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, and grew up in Northern Ontario. Mohamed is deeply shaken when his oldest son Malik returns home after a long journey with a mysterious new wife. The painting shows Botticelli's early mastery of composition, with eight figures arranged with an "easy naturalness in a closed architectural setting". Lightbown suggests that this shows Botticelli thought "the example of Jerome and Augustine likely to be thrown away on the Umiliati as he knew them". [142][143], After his death, Botticelli's reputation was eclipsed longer and more thoroughly than that of any other major European artist. [38], Vasari implies that Botticelli was given overall artistic charge of the project, but modern art historians think it more likely that Pietro Perugino, the first artist to be employed, was given this role, if anyone was. The golden dome of heaven has opened up and is circled by 12 angels holding olive branches entwined with scrolls and hung with crowns. Recent scholarship suggests otherwise: the Primavera, also known as the Allegory of Spring, was painted for Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco's townhouse in Florence, and The Birth of Venus was commissioned by someone else for a different site. " Summer Holiday " is the twelfth and final episode of the British sitcom The Young Ones. [125], Vasari mentions that Botticelli produced very fine drawings, which were sought out by artists after his death. On the use of imperfect supports in Italian Renaissance painting, see L. Uzielli, Historical Overview of Panel-Making Techniques in Central Italy, in The Structural Conservation of Panel Paintings, K. Dardes and A. Rothe (eds. Extremely rare to market, Sandro Botticelli's 'Portrait of a Young Man Holding a Roundel' sold at the price of $92.2 million in January 2021. Held in its new setting, the image of the saint acquires an uncanny quality of animation. GREEK MYTHOLOGY A ncient Greek myths and legends have been told through the written word on the pages of great books, poems, plays and film scripts, the imagery on pottery, artists' canvasses and sculptures and even through spoken word . The painting was celebrated for the variety of the angles from which the faces are painted, and of their expressions. There is a literalness of materials in the jacket, for the purplish color employs one of the same red dyes used to tint costly fabrics during the Renaissance. [135] In 1938, Jacques Mesnil discovered a summary of a charge in the Florentine Archives for November 16, 1502, which read simply "Botticelli keeps a boy", an accusation of sodomy (homosexuality). Vasari saw Botticelli as a firm partisan of the anti-Medici faction influenced by Savonarola, while Vasari himself relied heavily on the patronage of the returned Medicis of his own day. 5781, esp. [80] Often the background changes between versions while the figure remains the same. The icon in Fiesole was introduced into the discussion of the Botticelli portrait by Nathaniel Jones in a seminar paper at Yale University, 2007. The smaller narrative religious scenes of the last years are covered below. This appears to exclude the idealized females, and certainly the portraits included in larger works. 4952. 11. Alexander Nagel, Alexander Nagel, a specialist in Renaissance art, is Craig Hugh Smyth Professor at the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, Perfumer Lyn Harris Interprets Old Masters: Top Notes, Fragrant Florals, Insects and Inspiration, The Tragic Beauty of Titians Venus and Adonis, Titian's Timeless Venus and Adonis Comes to Auction, A Jubilant Evening of Modern, Contemporary and British Art. Photo: Sotheby's "It's the bizarre part of working at an auction house," says Apostle, who joined Sotheby's in 1988. This idea seems unusual now because we do not know of any portraits by Masaccio and because a self portrait by an artist in this period would have been highly unusual: artists did not generally begin to paint self portraits until the following century. See also K. Kruger, Medium and Imagination: Aesthetic Aspects of Trecento Panel Painting, in Victor M. Schmidt (ed. [58], The first major church commission after Rome was the Bardi Altarpiece, finished and framed by February 1485,[59] and now in Berlin. [95], Botticelli later began a luxury manuscript illustrated Dante on parchment, most of which was taken only as far as the underdrawings, and only a few pages are fully illuminated. This large project was to be the main decoration of the chapel. Fill material bridges the interface between the two wood supports, possibly addressing losses that developed from the differing movements of the two pieces of wood over time. Other paintings by the artist show minimal, loose underdrawing in brush and ink to place major elements as simple contours, while more finely drawn lines, used to carefully indicate details such as facial features, are present but difficult to detect. Associate Curator Laura Llewellyn discusses 'Portrait of a Young Man' by Sandro Botticelli, and explores how he revolutionised portraits. Italian painters began to pick up on this as it offered a more direct communication with the viewer. [40], Botticelli differs from his colleagues in imposing a more insistent triptych-like composition, dividing each of his scenes into a main central group with two flanking groups at the sides, showing different incidents. The Young Ones was a British sitcom about four students sharing a house. She is a two-time recipient the Governor General's Literary Award for Drama, and the Carol Bolt Award for Outstanding Play, for both The December Man / L'homme de dcembre in 2007, and Pig Girl in 2016. For all his elegance, this young man is lost in grave thought, pondering. The four predella scenes, showing the life of Mary Magdalen, then taken as a reformed prostitute herself, are in the Philadelphia Museum of Art.[70]. [26], A large fresco for the customs house of Florence, that is now lost, depicted the execution by hanging of the leaders of the Pazzi conspiracy of 1478 against the Medici. It shows four scenes of his early life as a Christian, from his rejection of marriage to his ordination as Bishop of Florence.It can be read Saint Francis stands on a marble ledge against a golden background. Botticelli continued to pay his dues to the Compagnia di San Luca (a confraternity rather than the artist's guild) until at least October 1505;[122] the tentative date ranges assigned to his late paintings run no further than this. Jahrhundert, Berlin 1997, p. 189 and fig. The roundel was inserted into a slightly irregular cavity in the Botticelli panel, some 8 mm deep, carved after the position of the tondo frame was incised in the gesso. L. Bellosi, Un Cimabue per Piero de Medici e il Maestro della Piet di Pistoia, in Prospettiva 67 (1992), pp. Portraits like this of idealised women, seen in profile were popular in fifteenth-century Florence. He was buried with his family outside the Ognissanti Church in a spot the church has now built over. The Pallas and the Centaur was another painting that was painted for Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici. In the infrared reflectogram of the present portrait, broad lines are evident to establish the chin, neck, and waist, and searchingly mark the contours of the figures left shoulder (fig. Please enable JavaScript or switch to another web browser. 3; Dempsey; Hartt, 329334. [54] Altogether more datable works by Botticelli come from the 1480s than any other decade,[55] and most of these are religious. By Botticelli's contribution included three of the original fourteen large scenes: the Temptations of Christ, Youth of Moses and Punishment of the Sons of Corah (or various other titles),[36] as well as several of the imagined portraits of popes in the level above, and paintings of unknown subjects in the lunettes above, where Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling now is. 8): this reveals the initially unresolved neckline that was later defined by the clothes, for instance, as well as the first fluid laying-in of the left hand. Because it contains lead white, the brushy application of the underpainting is visible in the XRF map for lead (fig. Three vestments survive with embroidered designs by him, and he developed a new technique for decorating banners for religious and secular processions, apparently in some kind of appliqu technique (called commesso). The trimming of the panel apparently occurred in two phases: the left and top edges (seen from the front) were cleanly cut, after which a coating was applied to the reverse, while the bottom and right edges were sawn more coarsely and here the reverse coating has been planed away (fig. [87], Portrait of a young man holding a roundel c.14801485, Portrait of a Young Man c. A modest selection of pigments was available to Botticelli in the Quattrocento, much the same ones that had been available to Bartolomeo Bulgarini, the painter of the gold ground tondo, a century before. His features are individual but his overall look resembles Botticellis idealised males, particularly Mars in his painting Venus and Mars, also in the National Gallerys collection. Of these, Botticelli included here lead white, ochre and umber earth colors, vermilion red, lead-tin yellow, and carbon black, as well as more costly red lake. Sandro Botticelli Primavera, Spring (72 x 48) Sandro Botticelli The Adoration of the Magi Sandro Botticelli The Birth of Venus Sandro Botticelli The Lamentation Over the Dead Christ Sandro Botticelli The Three Graces Sandro Botticelli The Virgin and Child Sandro Botticelli The Virgin and Child (The Madonna of the Book) Sandro Botticelli The art of secular portraiture was revived in the half-century between Albertis treatise and Botticellis Portrait of a Youth with a Roundel. The Virgin has swooned, and the other figures form a scrum to support her and Christ. [124] This had been his parish church since he was baptized there, and contained his Saint Augustine in His Study. By subscribing you are agreeing to Sothebys Privacy Policy. Proving that a great painting is more than the sum of its parts, this portrait demonstrates how the brilliant facility of the artist can transform mundane substances into an object of transcendent beauty and lifelike effect. Botticelli's portrait painting, "Young Man Holding a Roundel," is estimated to sell for in excess of $80 Million during Sotheby's Masters Week Auctions (January 2021, New York). In seeking answers for this persistent question, the principle of Occams razor may offer guidance: the integrity of the existing arrangement reflects the simplest solution. He has a rounded nose, dimpled cheeks and a prominent chin. With most artists these are final touches, determined at the end of the painting process. The restoration of 1973-76 allowed - beyond the partial abrasions due to the old cleaning - to rediscover the pictorial ductus, still well preserved. Detail from Sandro Botticelli, 'Portrait of a Young Man', probably about 1480-5, Sandro Botticelli, 'Portrait of a Young Man', probably about 1480-5. Lightbown, 280; some are drawn on both sides of the sheet. It is the endless array of expressions offered by the young man's finely modeled face that make this portrait a masterpiece unlike any other that has been offered for auction in recent years.. [74], In the Magnificat Madonna in the Uffizi (118cm or 46.5 inches across, c. 1483), Mary is writing down the Magnificat, a speech from the Gospel of Luke (1:4655) where it is spoken by Mary upon the occasion of her Visitation to her cousin Elizabeth, some months before the birth of Jesus. [97], There are hints that Botticelli may have worked on illustrations for printed pamphlets by Savonarola, almost all destroyed after his fall. The works do not illustrate particular texts; rather, each relies upon several texts for its significance. [119] Other scholars have seen premonitions of Mannerism in the simplified expressionist depiction of emotions in his works of the last years.[120]. The slightly raised right eyebrow confirms the bid for our attention even as it evinces confidence in his privilege. [106], According to Vasari, Botticelli became a follower of the deeply moralistic Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola, who preached in Florence from 1490 until his execution in 1498:[107], Botticelli was a follower of Savonarola's, and this was why he gave up painting and then fell into considerable distress as he had no other source of income. His work, Portrait of a Young Man in a Red Cap, captures his highly personalized style. Continuing scholarly attention mainly focuses on the poetry and philosophy of contemporary Renaissance humanists. The two portraits also share plain dark backgrounds, and close and detailed observation of the features made possible by the strong lighting from the left. Botticelli painted a number of portraits, although not nearly as many as have been attributed to him. This was very fashionable in late fifteenth-century Florence, partly because members of the large Florentine community in the trading city of Bruges returned home with portraits of themselves made by northern painters, inspiring artists and patrons alike. Join Emma Capron as she wonders whether we can take this portrait at face value. >> Read more trending news "Young Man Holding a Roundel" was sold by Sotheby's to a Russian-speaking collector during a live-streamed online sale, The Wall Street Journal reported. [7][5] The date of his birth is not known, but his father's tax returns in following years give his age as two in 1447 and thirteen in 1458, meaning he must have been born between 1444 and 1446. Of those surviving, most scholars agree that ten were designed by Botticelli, and five probably at least partly by him, although all have been damaged and restored. The boundaries of the old gilding are fairly rectangular, and have been extended to fill the circle; here somewhat crude punchwork seeks to integrate the newer areas with the original gold. The scroll he holds bears a Latin ins Four Scenes from the Early Life of Saint Zenobius, The Virgin and Child with Saint John and an Angel, The Virgin and Child with Saint John and Two Angels, The Virgin and Child with Saint John the Baptist, Research, private study, or for internal circulation within an educational organisation (such as a school, college or university), Non-profit publications, personal websites, blogs, and social media. It has a tradition of excellence dating back to 1986. [136] Many have backed Mesnil. Oil has been detected in a number of paintings by Botticelli: see Castelli et al. He is the psychopathic and unpredictable foil to Rik Mayall's meek and childish character Rick . A thick layer of radiopaque lead white would completely obscure the far thinner paint layer, yet only the worm channels, the areas with the greatest density of adhesive, are revealed as radiopaque white lines.11. 4445 (bk. [6], Only one of Botticelli's paintings, the Mystic Nativity (National Gallery, London) is inscribed with a date (1501), but others can be dated with varying degrees of certainty on the basis of archival records, so the development of his style can be traced with some confidence. In the recent x-ray of the panel, details of the saint in the roundel are visible (fig. She preferred to wait for Perugino's return. 4). [110], Many datings of works have a range up to 1505, though he did live a further five years. See R. Stapleford, Botticellis Portrait of a Young Man Holding a Trecento Medallion,in Burlington Magazine 129 (July 1987), pp. The extent of Savonarola's influence on Botticelli remains uncertain; his brother Simone was more clearly a follower. Understanding the materials and making of the panel, likewise, can enhance our appreciation, but Botticellis mastery remains the real attraction. 428-36, here p. 432, associates the fragment in the Botticelli portrait with the altarpiece Bulgarini made for the Florentine church of Santa Croce, dated 1350, pieces of which still belong to the Museo dell'Opera di Santa Croce. [152], Walter Pater created a literary picture of Botticelli, who was then taken up by the Aesthetic movement. In general Lorenzo does not seem to have commissioned much from Botticelli, preferring Pollaiuolo and others,[100] although views on this differ. [151], The first nineteenth-century art historian to be enthusiastic about Botticelli's Sistine frescoes was Alexis-Franois Rio; Anna Brownell Jameson and Charles Eastlake were alerted to Botticelli as well, and works by his hand began to appear in German collections. [84] Several figures in the Sistine Chapel frescos appear to be portraits, but the subjects are unknown, although fanciful guesses have been made. TV Shows. The delicate winter landscape, referring to the saint's feast-day in January, is inspired by contemporary Early Netherlandish painting, widely-appreciated in Florentine circles. Lightbown, 164168; Dempsey; Ettlingers, 138141, with a later date. As depictions of subjects from classical mythology on a very large scale they were virtually unprecedented in Western art since classical antiquity. [15] There has been much speculation as to whether Botticelli spent a shorter period of time in another workshop, such as that of the Pollaiuolo brothers or Andrea del Verrocchio. For other uses, see. Thinned to about 4 mm with the edges slightly tapered, the insert was secured in the Botticelli panel through a bed of putty, perhaps gesso, of about the same thickness.10 Part of the debate about the roundels connection to the painting has involved this method of attachment. BRUNO MUNARI DESIGN AS ART. The evidence for this identification is in fact slender to non-existent. The #1 New York Times bestseller that examines how people can champion new ideas in Chat to Buy There are a number of idealized portrait-like paintings of women which probably do not represent a specific person (several closely resemble the Venus in his Venus and Mars). He had perhaps been away from July 1481 to, at the latest, May 1482. A document of 1470 refers to Sandro as "Sandro Mariano Botticelli", meaning that he had fully adopted the name. Could this be Rembrandt's lover and why did Rembrandt choose this setting? It can be thought of as marking the climax of Botticelli's early style. 343-57. Botticelli's posthumous reputation suffered until the late 19th century, when he was rediscovered by the Pre-Raphaelites who stimulated a reappraisal of his work. This manuscript has 93 surviving pages (32 x 47cm), now divided between the Vatican Library (8 sheets) and Berlin (83), and represents the bulk of Botticelli's surviving drawings. Red lake pigment was mixed with black to create the garments dark tones, which were thinly washed in over the gesso ground, and continued in the hatched strokes that trace the volumes. By then he was aged sixty or more, in this period definitely into old age. Sarah Altobello si lascia andare a una confidenza su Luca Onestini e la gelosia di Nikita Pelizon al Gf Vip. Sandro Botticelli is best known for his masterpieces The Birth of Venus and Primavera, but during his prolific career, Botticelli also painted several portraits of contemporary Renaissance Florentines including Portrait of a Young Woman, currently held in Florence's Pitti Palace. The painting of the saint is a piece of gold-ground panel painting that has been physically inserted into an excavated cavity in the panel. The minimal compositional indicators Botticelli set in place prior to painting suggest the layout was carefully worked out in advance. Filter Awards Archive; Awards Archive; Judges Archive; School Rankings; Creative; Country; Region; Awards Archive Toggle Dropdown. Women are normally in profile, full or just a little turned, whereas men are normally a "three-quarters" pose, but never quite seen completely frontally. Associate Curator Laura Llewellyn discusses 'Portrait of a Young Man' by Sandro Botticelli, and explores how he revolutionised portraits. 1. The roundel itself is a fragment from a larger work, perhaps once part of an altarpiece or devotional object. [19] Botticelli and Filippino's works from these years, including many Madonna and Child paintings, are often difficult to distinguish from one another. The National Gallery have an Adoration of the Kings of about 1470, which they describe as begun by Filippino Lippi but finished by Botticelli, noting how unusual it was for a master to take over a work begun by a pupil. [57] Botticelli painted many Madonnas, covered in a section below, and altarpieces and frescos in Florentine churches. Here the setting is a palatial heavenly interior in the latest style, showing Botticelli taking a new degree of interest in architecture, possibly influenced by Sangallo. You must agree to the Creative Commons terms and conditions to download this image. [69], Early records mentioned, without describing it, an altarpiece by Botticelli for the Convertite, an institution for ex-prostitutes, and various surviving unprovenanced works were proposed as candidates. [13] The family's most notable neighbours were the Vespucci, including Amerigo Vespucci, after whom the Americas were named. [123] He died in May 1510, but is now thought to have been something under seventy at the time. See J. Dunkerton, S. Foister, D. Gordon, and N. Penny, Giotto to Drer: Early Renaissance Painting in the National Gallery, London 1991, p. 312; see also J. Dunkerton, Osservazioni sulla tecnica delle opere di Sandro Botticelli alla National Gallery di Londra, in Il tondo di Botticelli a Piacenza, D. Gasparotto and A. Gigli (eds. Backgrounds may be plain, or show an open window, usually with nothing but sky visible through it. Laura Llewellyn, Associate Curator of Renaissance Paintings, asks the question, is this anonymous person someone Botticelli knew or perhaps only imagined? The video player requires JavaScript. [128] A considerable number of works, especially Madonnas, are attributed to Botticelli's workshop, or the master and his workshop, generally meaning that Botticelli did the underdrawing, while the assistants did the rest, or drawings by him were copied by the workshop.[129]. The Roman engraved gem on her necklace was owned by Lorenzo de Medici. Young Man, Pitti Palace, perhaps 1470-73. About a week ago, I saw Botticelli Reimagined in London. Tommaso Soderini, a close ally of Lorenzo, obtained the commission for the figure of Fortitude of 1470 which is Botticelli's earliest securely dated painting, completing a series of the Seven Virtues left unfinished by Piero del Pollaiuolo. No prosecution was brought. [1] Contents 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 References 4 External links Plot [ edit] Outside shot of the victimised bank The Young Ones (TV Series 1982-1984) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. Written by: Meryam Joobeur. Although the figures face, clothing, and pose are strongly based on Byzantine models, it is an Italian painting not much more than a century older than its host, probably a work of the Sienese painter Bartolomeo Bulgarini, who also worked in Florence. Dante's features were well-known, from his death mask and several earlier paintings. One significant pentimento involves the medallion: visible in IRR, the fingers of the figures right hand were moved outward from the tondo frame, beyond the small reserve originally left for them, and painted atop the dark architecture and jacket (figs. [116] This may be seen as a partial reversion to Gothic conventions. All products are produced on-demand and shipped worldwide within 2 - 3 business days. The other, horizontal, one was painted for a chapel on the corner of Botticelli's street; it is now in Munich. You can unsubscribe from Sothebys emails at any time by clicking the Manage your Subscriptions link in any of your emails. As in other cases, such direct competition "was always an inducement to Botticelli to put out all his powers", and the fresco, now his earliest to survive, is regarded as his finest by Ronald Lightbown. Lucy Chiswell gets her gardening gloves on for some time with van Huysum's flowers. 7. This, one of his most expansive and ambitious, is painted in a circular format called a tondo. It is possible that he was at least platonically in love with Simonetta, given his request to have himself buried at the foot of her tomb in the Ognissanti the church of the Vespucci in Florence, although this was also Botticelli's church, where he had been baptized. Some may be connected with the work in other media that we know Botticelli did. [53], Botticelli returned from Rome in 1482 with a reputation considerably enhanced by his work there. On Botticellis use of a pale green underpainting for flesh tones, see Dunkerton 2006, p. 70; see also C. Castelli, M. Ciatti, C. Lalli and A. Ramat, Il restauro del Ritratto di giovane con mazzocchio di Sandro Botticelli, in OPD Restauro, 23 (2011), p. 144. The result, an auction . In the sky, a similarly liquid paint containing lead white and ultramarine followed the lines incised early on (figs. [14] It was from Lippi that Botticelli learned how to create intimate compositions with beautiful, melancholic figures drawn with clear contours and only slight contrasts of light and shadow. Lightbown, 9092, 9799, 105106; Hartt, 327; Shearman, 47, 5075, Covered at length in: Lightbown, Ch. At the same time, the tempera technique had grown freer and more painterly by the late-fifteenth century and many works by Botticelli, including the present picture, show changes, or pentimenti. Sandro Botticelli, original name Alessandro di Mariano Filipepi, (born 1445, Florence [Italy]died May 17, 1510, Florence), one of the greatest painters of the Florentine Renaissance. Perfumer Lyn Harris Interprets Old Masters: Top Notes, Fragrant Florals, Insects and Inspiration, The Tragic Beauty of Titians Venus and Adonis, Titian's Timeless Venus and Adonis Comes to Auction, A Jubilant Evening of Modern, Contemporary and British Art. The Young Ones Portfolio competition is an opportunity for students to showcase examples from their portfolio in a variety of creative disciplines. As such, it became the new model for secular portraits that were intended not only to record, convey and preserve the sitters appearance but also to act as memorials for their souls after their death. Below the video are the title, view time and description. Another major alteration is revealed clearly in the x-radiograph, where the earlier contours of the coiffure appear: the overall length was extended from a point just touching the top edge of the collar to reach the shoulders (figs. [32], Sacra conversazione altarpiece, c. 1470-72, Uffizi, called the Pala di Sant'Ambrogio, Madonna with Lilies and Eight Angels, c.1478, In 1481, Pope Sixtus IV summoned Botticelli and other prominent Florentine and Umbrian artists to fresco the walls of the newly completed Sistine Chapel. These smaller paintings were a steady source of income for painters at all levels of quality, and many were probably produced for stock, without a specific commission. Upon seeing that a Madonna fresco by Giotto in Old St. Peters was in danger of being destroyed during the renovation of the basilica, Perino had it removed from the wall and placed in a safer part of the church, surrounded by a new frame and other pieces of Trecento memorabiliaa restoration assemblage that aimed to preserve the art of the past in the context of its time. The pattern of the punch holes in the gold ground, extending vertically off the top and bottom edges of the icon, reveals that the image of the saint was not originally round but was cut into that shape, presumably in order to be inserted into this portrait. On the engaged frame on the Uffizi portrait, see E. Buzzegoli and M. Marchi, Botticelli: Ritratto di Uomo con Medaglia nella Galleria degli Uffizi, Note Sul Restauro, The Conservator 16, 1, (1992), p. 48. An anecdote records that his patron Tommaso Soderini, who died in 1485, suggested he marry, to which Botticelli replied that a few days before he had dreamed that he had married, woke up "struck with grief", and for the rest of the night walked the streets to avoid the dream resuming if he slept again. TimePortalToysGB. 2); such flaws are common in Renaissance panels, and other works by the artist (including his Portrait of a Lady known as Smeralda Bandinelli) also show imperfections and repairs.2 The panel appears to be thinned slightly; at about 16mm in depth, it is thinner than standard panels of the period. The tilting of the roundel so that we see its bottom edge was a late-coming idea. Lightbown, 46 (quoted); Ettlingers, 1922, Lightbown, 6569; Vasari, 150152; Hartt, 324325, Lightbown, 77 (different translation to same effect), Shearman, 3842, 47; Lightbown, 9092; Hartt, 326. 9). This suggests that the production of the engravings lagged behind the printing, and the later illustrations were pasted into the stock of printed and bound books, and perhaps sold to those who had already bought the book. This is a YouTube video player. The Berlin gallery bought the Bardi Altarpiece in 1829, but the National Gallery, London only bought a Madonna (now regarded as by his workshop) in 1855. He is known for his execution and precise use of lines to portray objects realistically. Previous discussion has assumed that the roundel was embedded in a paste of lead white and oil, a technique not typical to period, but this cannot be the case. In late 1502, some four years after Savonarola's death, Isabella d'Este wanted a painting done in Florence. Small and inconspicuous banderoles or ribbons carrying biblical verses elucidate the rather complex theological meaning of the work, for which Botticelli must have had a clerical advisor, but do not intrude on a simpler appreciation of the painting and its lovingly detailed rendering, which Vasari praised. [75], Botticelli's Madonna and Child with Angels Carrying Candlesticks (1485/1490) was destroyed during World War II. The angled surfaces turn the greenish-grey stone into a series of contrasting stripeslight grey, dark grey, almost blackthat isolate the youth inside multiple frames, like a jewel in a box. [85] Large allegorical frescos from a villa show members of the Tornabuoni family together with gods and personifications; probably not all of these survive but ones with portraits of a young man with the Seven Liberal Arts and a young woman with Venus and the Three Graces are now in the Louvre.[86]. In addition to the mythological subjects for which he is best known today, Botticelli painted a wide range of religious subjects (including dozens of renditions of the Madonna and Child, many in the round tondo shape) and also some portraits. 4447)", The John G. Johnson Collection: A History and Selected Works, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandro_Botticelli&oldid=1118836546. 3. Find freelancers for your gigs in only 5 minutes via YoungOnes get access to numerous flexible freelancers | We've got your back The tondo frame holds another, material juxtaposition: between the literal gold of the icon and the painted frame held by the sitter, created using a base of brown containing vermilion and earth colors with shimmering glints of lead-tin yellow above. His graceful pictures of the Madonna and Child, his altarpieces and his life-size mythological paintings, such as 'Venus and Mars', were immensely popular in his lifetime. Find out the new and upcoming Contemporary Romance Novel book releases 2022. He lived in the same area all his life and was buried in his neighbourhood church called Ognissanti ("All Saints"). The painting, whose provenance is unknown, has not always been considered autograph of the Florentine painter Alessandro Filipepi, better known under the pseudonym of Sandro Botticelli. Botticelli is in a sense working backwards, showing his mastery over his materials. Download a low-resolution copy of this image for personal use. 137. [71], Botticelli painted Madonnas from the start of his career until at least the 1490s. Milanese designer and graphic artist who was twice awarded the Compasso d'Oro for excellence in his field. A series of wide rectangles in this area, clearly visible in the infrared reflectogram of the reverse, suggest that three pieces of a thin material were adhered to the back of the panel in this area. His The Birth of Venus and Primavera are often said to epitomize for modern viewers the spirit of the Renaissance. The boy is dressed simply in brown, his dark blond curls escaping from beneath his red cap. Mars lies asleep, presumably after lovemaking, while Venus watches as infant satyrs play with his military gear, and one tries to rouse him by blowing a conch shell in his ear. He used the tondo format for other subjects, such as an early Adoration of the Magi in London,[73] and was apparently more likely to paint a tondo Madonna himself, usually leaving rectangular ones to his workshop. Others like you also viewed Vyvyan Basterd Boring The Young Ones Wiki Bambi Categories Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. It was first aired on BBC2 on 19 June 1984. [8], From around 1461 or 1462 Botticelli was apprenticed to Fra Filippo Lippi, one of the leading Florentine painters and a favorite of the Medici. According to Leonardo, Botticelli anticipated the method of some 18th century, Lightbown dates the Munich picture to 149092, and the Milan one to c. 1495. In the parapet, painted around the hand, the addition of ultramarine blue lends a coolness to the grey stone. Botticelli 23, 20133 Milano, Italy 6Dpartement de Gologie, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, . Director Jake Paltrow Writer Jake Paltrow Stars Nicholas Hoult Kodi Smit-McPhee Michael Shannon This image is licensed for non-commercial use under a Creative Commons agreement. These are excess ready stocks from overseas group buy. [123] He continued to live in the family house all his life, also having his studio there. 2, section 25). Or perhaps the gesture is meant to stage a more general and symbolic contrast, a young man in fashionable dress offering to us a venerable figure painted in venerable timesa timely modern figure inviting us to appreciate a figure of timeless sanctity. 12. [27] This was Botticelli's first major fresco commission (apart from the abortive Pisa excursion), and may have led to his summons to Rome. This apparently simple portrait of a young man was revolutionary in Italian painting. Images of the whole face were usually reserved for so-called portraits of Christ used for private prayer; showing a young man in such a way was radical. There's no showing off or hinting at identity or profession. Lightbown, 26; but see Hartt, 324, saying "Botticelli was active in the shop of Verrocchio". In physically embedding an older image, Botticellis portrait is an early instance of a practice that would become widespread in the sixteenth century, whereby venerable images were reframed in new figurative and architectural ensembles. [48], The Primavera and the Birth were both seen by Vasari in the mid-16th century at the Villa di Castello, owned from 1477 by Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici, and until the publication in 1975 of a Medici inventory of 1499,[49] it was assumed that both works were painted specifically for the villa. Please. Lightbown connects it more specifically to Savonarola than the Ettlingers. James Martin, Chief Scientific Officer, Sothebys carried out x-radiography, infrared reflectography (IRR, Osiris Camera / Opus Instruments), macro-x-ray fluorescence (XRF) scanning, and Raman spectroscopy on the painting. [41] In each the principal figure of Christ or Moses appears several times, seven in the case of the Youth of Moses. Dempsey; Lightbown, 328329, with a list marking which "are of a certain importance"; Portrait of a Man with a Medal of Cosimo the Elder, a young woman with Venus and the Three Graces, Portrait of a Lady Known as Smeralda Brandini, Portrait of a young man holding a roundel, Portrait of a Young Man Holding a Roundel, "Sandro Botticelli - Biography and Legacy", "Botticelli in the Florence of Lorenzo the Magnificent", "Web Gallery of Art, searchable fine arts image database", "Scenes from The Story of Nastagio degli Onesti - The Collection - Museo Nacional del Prado", Madonna and Child with Angels Carrying Candlesticks, "The Adoration of the Magi by Botticelli", "The Face That Launched A Thousand Prints", "Botticelli Portrait Goes for $92 M., Becoming Second-Most Expensive Old Masters Work Ever Auctioned", "Daniel Sharman and Bradley James Join Netflix's 'Medici' (EXCLUSIVE)", "Predella Panels from the High Altarpiece of SantElisabetta delle Convertite, Florence by Sandro Botticelli (cat. As descriptors like dal petto in s (bust-length images from the chest up) and neologisms such as demy-image and mezza figura (to describe figures cut off at the waist) came into use in fifteenth-century inventories to describe icons imported from the eastern Mediterranean, portraiture came into being as a genre, adopting these same formats.10 The artists most interested in the Byzantine forms the Limbourgs, Robert Campin, Jan van Eyck, Rogier van der Weyden, Jacopo Bellini, Piero della Francesca, Andrea Mantegna, Giovanni Bellini, Antonello da Messina were the same artists who contributed most significantly to the early history of modern portraiture.11. In this refined youths hands, the old saint image represents a class of religious images, but it also becomes the model for the modern portrait, and in a broader sense of the work of art. In both the crowded, intertwined figures around the dead Christ take up nearly all the picture space, with only bare rock behind. [104], Giuliano de' Medici was assassinated in the Pazzi conspiracy of 1478 (Lorenzo narrowly escaped, saved by his bank manager), and a portrait said to be Giuliano which survives in several versions may be posthumous, or with at least one version from not long before his death. Sarah Altobello spiazza nella Casa del Grande Fratello Vip. Portrait of a Lady Known as Smeralda Brandini, 1470s, shown as pregnant. Year. [108] The story, sometimes seen, that he had destroyed his own paintings on secular subjects in the 1497 bonfire of the vanities is not told by Vasari. T The Divine Comedy consists of 100 cantos and the printed text left space for one engraving for each canto. These functioned to seal the gesso, establish forms, and underpin upper layers of the tempera paint. [citation needed] His paintings remained in the churches and villas for which they had been created,[144] and his frescos in the Sistine Chapel were upstaged by those of Michelangelo.[145]. Neil - Young Ones - retro style 3 3/4' action figure - complete with the oldest, dirtiest teapot in the world. The unforgettable Rik Mayall! Although other patrons have been proposed (inevitably including Medicis, in particular the younger Lorenzo, or il Magnifico), some scholars think that Botticelli made the manuscript for himself. Nevertheless, that Botticelli was approached from outside Florence demonstrates a growing reputation. You can't see this YouTube video because you haven't accepted marketing cookies. Florentine master Sandro . Unfortunately Baldini was neither very experienced nor talented as an engraver, and was unable to express the delicacy of Botticelli's style in his plates. Meet the gods & goddesses of Mount Olympus Edition Digital EDITION EIGHTH Welcome to. By the mid-1480s, many leading Florentine artists had left the city, some never to return. 3. But when he tried to sell it in 1811, no buyer could be found. Botticelli's largest altarpiece, the San Marco Altarpiece (378 x 258cm, Uffizi), is the only one to remain with its full predella, of five panels. To qualify for entry, national and international college students must be enrolled in an accredited undergraduate or graduate college program, or other program approved by The One Club's Education . "[93] Vasari, who lived when printmaking had become far more important than in Botticelli's day, never takes it seriously, perhaps because his own paintings did not sell well in reproduction. Sotheby's will offer one of Botticelli's very finest portraits, Young Man Holding a Roundel, as the highlight of our annual Masters Week sales series in New York in January 2021. The Sienese panel had already suffered worm damage, for filled woodworm channels are visible in the x-radiograph (fig.15). Lightbown, 242247; Ettlingers, 103105. Henry Maguire has shown just how stringent were the criteria for the accurate and thus effective portrayal of saints in the Byzantine tradition.9, Only in the fifteenth century did it become common in Europe to make portraits of anyone other than Christ, the saints, or royalty. The coats of arms of the Medici and the bride and groom's families appear in the third panel. Botticelli's aquiline version influenced many later depictions. [71], Botticelli's Virgins are always beautiful, in the same idealized way as his mythological figures, and often richly dressed in contemporary style. His male portraits have also often held dubious identifications, most often of various Medicis, for longer than the real evidence supports. 2031; Costaras and Richardson 2019. The jacket must have been one of the first portions of the painting to be completed, as the sky, grey architecture and white collar all overlap it. 30, pp. The theory might have developed because the close-up view that focuses on the boys face is so direct and unassuming, or because he appears so at ease while being painted. When this picture was first purchased by the National Gallery, it was thought to be a self portrait by the Florentine artist Masaccio, who was working in the decades before Botticelli, mainly on frescoes and large-scale altarpieces. She is alert and dignified, while he the god of war is utterly lost in sleep. He devotes a good part of his text to rather alarming anecdotes of practical jokes by Botticelli. This painting was made as part of a group of four works that tell the story of the life of Florences patron saint, Zenobius; it is the first of the series. 3. They are among the most famous paintings in the world, and icons of the Italian Renaissance. 13. In the face, for instance, the light underlayer shines through the transparent shadows, an updated version of the practice employed by Trecento artists and described in Cennino Cenninis Libro dellarte of ca. [20], Botticelli's earliest surviving altarpiece is a large sacra conversazione of about 147072, now in the Uffizi. [132], According to Vasari's perhaps unreliable account, Botticelli "earned a great deal of money, but wasted it all through carelessness and lack of management". Release Calendar Top 250 Movies Most Popular Movies Browse Movies by Genre Top Box Office Showtimes & Tickets Movie News India Movie Spotlight. Botticelli then appears to have worked on the drawings over a long period, as stylistic development can be seen, and matched to his paintings. [5] Most of the frescos remain but are greatly overshadowed and disrupted by Michelangelo's work of the next century, as some of the earlier frescos were destroyed to make room for his paintings. More from Sotheby's: It was in Early Renaissance Italy that portraits of notable individuals first came to be considered high art. Go To App store of your iphone 2. NEW YORK A 15th-century painting by Sandro Botticelli sold for $92.2 million in an auction Thursday morning. By subscribing you are agreeing to Sothebys Privacy Policy. Added after the general position of the sitter was established by underdrawing, the incisions indicate the placement of the window opening, ledge, and walls, skirting the contour of the head and body but with some overlap into the figure. The painter would then have been about fifty-eight. [5] For much of this period Lippi was based in Prato, a few miles west of Florence, frescoing the apse of what is now Prato Cathedral. In the late 1450s, Botticelli entered into Filippo Lippis workshop, and Lippis style is seen in many of Botticellis paintings, especially his earliest works. Vasari also saw him as an artist who had abandoned his talent in his last years, which offended his high idea of the artistic vocation. [9] Giorgio Vasari, in his Life of Botticelli, reported that Botticelli was initially trained as a goldsmith. Botticelli is perhaps most famous for his paintings of Classical myth: the Uffizi's 'The Birth of Venus' and 'La Primavera' are magnets for any tourist in Florence, but he was also well known for his portraits. Is this the mouth of an immortal? The abstract architecture was fluidly applied in shades of gray, with no modulation to the color within a single plane, using simple mixtures of lead white and black pigments in varying proportions. He went out. Its subject, unusual for an altarpiece, is the Holy Trinity, with Christ on the cross, supported from behind by God the Father. Perhaps this is the very practical outfit of someone in Botticelli's workshop. Jahrhunderts, A. Schumacher (ed. An enthroned Madonna and (rather large) Child sit on an elaborately-carved raised stone bench in a garden, with plants and flowers behind them closing off all but small patches of sky, to give a version of the hortus conclusus or closed garden, a very traditional setting for the Virgin Mary. The religious image comes into being in the hands of art, and through that restaging it becomes a model for art. It is tilted slightly up; we see the bottom of the icons round frame and appreciate its portability.13 This is an object that needs to be held and presented, a work whose real frame now is the hands of its owner and the polite or learned conversation that begins when it is picked up and held out for someone to admire. 54555. Ettlingers, 199; Lightbown, 53 on the Pisa work, which does not survive. Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi (c.1445[1] May 17, 1510), known as Sandro Botticelli (/botitli/, Italian:[sandro bottitlli]), was an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance. 11. On his father's death in 1482 it was inherited by his brother Giovanni, who had a large family. Recent examinations coinciding with its appearance on the market provide an ideal moment to consider the condition and making of the picture. 487519. Their slight irregularity in height and shape suggests an individual rather than an idealisation. Other sources give 1446, 1447 or 144445. Most of the "text" is scribbles, but one line reads: "Where is Brother Martino? [90] According to Vasari, he "wrote a commentary on a portion of Dante", which is also referred to dismissively in another story in the Life,[91] but no such text has survived. [115] It takes to an extreme the abandonment of consistent scale among the figures that had been a feature of Botticelli's religious paintings for some years, with the Holy Family much larger than the other figures, even those well in front of them in the picture space. Below the video are the title, view time and description. Rather than depicting a timeless image, the Botticelli portrait presents a relic of gold-ground painting from the Tuscan Trecento for a discerning audience of emergent art connoisseurs. The general consensus is that most of the drawings are late; the main scribe can be identified as Niccol Mangona, who worked in Florence between 1482 and 1503, whose work presumably preceded that of Dante. Page of Portrait of a Young Woman by BOTTICELLI, Sandro in the Web Gallery of Art, a searchable image collection and database of European painting, sculpture and architecture (200-1900) . The Portrait of a Young Man in a Red Cap . Portrait of a young woman, possibly Simonetta Vespucci, 1484. These were copies of the so-called Sudarium, the veil on which Christ wiped his face on the way to the Crucifixion and which had been miraculously imprinted with his face. 42836, here p. 432, associates the fragment in the Botticelli portrait with the altarpiece Bulgarini made for the Florentine church of Santa Croce, dated 1350, pieces of which still belong to the Museo dellOpera di Santa Croce. Young Ones Student Awards The Young Ones competition is one of the most acclaimed advertising, interactive and design student competitions. Appearance Vyvyan is a punk and dresses accordingly, sporting spiky ginger hair, multiple piercings, a denim waistcoat, studded belt, jeans and bovver boots. Lightbown, 122123; 152153; Smith, Webster, "On the Original Location of the Primavera". [139] Mesnil nevertheless concluded "woman was not the only object of his love". 7. It is difficult to say when one kind of piet superseded the other, and around 1500 the two kinds mingled quite a bit. This format was more associated with paintings for palaces than churches, though they were large enough to be hung in churches, and some were later donated to them. This profession would have brought the family into contact with a range of artists. His forthcoming book, The Renaissance Restored, discusses the history of paintings conservation in nineteenth-century Europe. ), Milan 2006, p. 73; see also U. Fischer in Florentiner Malerei Alte Pinakothek: Die Gemlde des 14. bis 16. Drama, Sci-fi Original Language: English Director: Jake Paltrow Producer: Michael Auret, Tristan Lynch Writer: Jake Paltrow Release Date (Theaters): Oct 17, 2014 limited Release Date (Streaming):. The sitter's clothes, their colour and relative simplicity, complement the muted tones of the painting. This is a YouTube video player. The family's head, Giovanni di Paolo Rucellai, commissioned the famous Palazzo Rucellai, a landmark in Italian Renaissance architecture, from Leon Battista Alberti, between 1446 and 1451, Botticelli's earliest years. diss., Princeton University 1990, pp. This material cannot be seen from the surface. Below that is a carousel of video thumbnails. Various payments up to September are recorded, but no work survives, and it seems that whatever Botticelli started was not finished. [112], Botticelli returned to subjects from antiquity in the 1490s, with a few smaller works on subjects from ancient history containing more figures and showing different scenes from each story, including moments of dramatic action. Now . [98], Botticelli became associated by historians with the Florentine School under the patronage of Lorenzo de' Medici, a movement historians would later characterize as a "golden age". Hartt, 329. There are a few mentions of paintings and their location in sources from the decades after his death. FT 1999) Patrick L Young. Portrait of a Young Man is a painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Sandro Botticelli, c. 1483. Until this point the frontal view had been reserved for a particular kind of image of Christ. Prick! [12] Botticelli both lived and worked in the house (a rather unusual practice) despite his brothers Giovanni and Simone also being resident there. He was a great patron of both the visual and literary arts, and encouraged and financed the humanist and Neoplatonist circle from which much of the character of Botticelli's mythological painting seems to come. You can order a reproduction of Botticelli's 'Portrait of a Young Man' using our online service. The first monograph on the artist was published in 1893, the same year as Aby Warburg's seminal dissertation on the mythologies; then, between 1900 and 1920 more books were written on Botticelli than on any other painter. Bruno Munari was a well-known. )[121] More recent scholars are reluctant to assign direct influence, though there is certainly a replacement of elegance and sweetness with forceful austerity in the last period. [16], Lippi died in 1469. Perhaps this has been renewed in more recent times; certainly, the retouching around its edges is modern. 2016). It's so unadorned, the metal caps on the ties around his neck become quite a feature. Ettlingers, 164; Clark, 372 note for p. 92 quote. 3840. Geometric elements of the composition, including the architecture and roundel, were fixed with incisions into the gesso preparatory layer (figs. In other works by Botticelli, including his Portrait of a Young Man with a Mazzocchio in the Uffizi, this layer has sometimes been found to contain oila reminder that the new medium of oil painting was infiltrating the traditional practice of egg tempera.7. [140], The Renaissance art historian, James Saslow, has noted that: "His [Botticelli's] homo-erotic sensibility surfaces mainly in religious works where he imbued such nude young saints as Sebastian with the same androgynous grace and implicit physicality as Donatello's David". [137] Art historian Scott Nethersole has suggested that a quarter of Florentine men were the subject of similar accusations, which "seems to have been a standard way of getting at people"[138] but others have cautioned against hasty dismissal of the charge. A much smaller panel than those discussed before is his Venus and Mars in the National Gallery, London. The iconography of the familiar subject of the Nativity is unique, with features including devils hiding in the rock below the scene, and must be highly personal. PENGUIN. Sponsored by Nikon, Digital Content Partner, The Associate Curator of Renaissance Painting is supported by the Rothschild Foundation. Strehlke, Carpentry and Connoisseurship: The Disassembly of Altarpieces and the Rise in Interest in Early Italian Art, in C. Dean, L. B. Kanter, and C.B. [78] These figures represent a secular link to his Madonnas. Young Ones Shopping Centre was first setup in year 1978 at Burmah Road, Georgetown Penang. Linear incisions were created with a straightedge and metal stylus, while the aid of a compass was required for the roundel. You can't see this YouTube video because you haven't accepted marketing cookies. He embraces a Crucifix and gazes compassionately at the tiny figure of the crucified Christ. This shift suggests that the frame was shifted upward and to the left from its original position, or perhaps was originally smaller in circumference. The opaque off-white coating on the back of the panel, a mixture that includes gypsum and lead white, appears to have been added after the original frame was removed, as noted above, and therefore after the painting was completed. In a letter to his fellow artists that concluded the 1550 edition of his Lives of the Artists, Giorgio Vasari says that he was helped in writing his history of Italian art since Cimabue by notes written down by the painter Domenico Ghirlandaio, Botticellis contemporary. [89] He is attributed with an imagined portrait. Together with the smaller and less celebrated Venus and Mars and Pallas and the Centaur, they have been endlessly analysed by art historians, with the main themes being: the emulation of ancient painters and the context of wedding celebrations, the influence of Renaissance Neo-Platonism, and the identity of the commissioners and possible models for the figures. This may be partly because of the time he devoted to the drawings for the manuscript Dante. Botticelli's linear style was relatively easy to imitate, making different contributions within one work hard to identify,[130] though the quality of the master's drawing makes works entirely by others mostly identifiable. [21], Another work from this period is the Saint Sebastian in Berlin, painted in 1474 for a pier in Santa Maria Maggiore, Florence. Renaissance writers and thinkers were influenced by the ancient Greek ideas about appearance and its meaning. [17] Botticelli's panel adopts the format and composition of Piero's but features a more elegant and naturally posed figure and includes an array of "fanciful enrichments so as to show up Piero's poverty of ornamental invention. Laura tells us about the subtle tricks Botticelli had in his repertoire that make this sophisticated portrait seem so simple Contents 1 Series 1 1.1 Demolition [1.1] 1.2 Oil [1.2] 1.3 Boring [1.3] 1.4 Bomb [1.4] 1.5 Interesting [1.5] 1.6 Flood [1.6] 2 Series 2 2.1 Bambi [2.1] 2.2 Cash [2.2] 2.3 Nasty [2.3] 2.4 Time [2.4] 2.5 Sick [2.5] 2.6 Summer Holiday [2.6] The light picks out all these framing elements the repeated ridges of the molding and the youths delicate fingers, carefully kept just clear of the relics surface. However, only 19 illustrations were engraved, and most copies of the book have only the first two or three. Many writers observed homo-eroticism in his portraits. [127], In 1472 the records of the painter's guild record that Botticelli had only Filippino Lippi as an assistant, though another source records a twenty-eight-year old, who had trained with Neri di Bicci. 11, 12). If you look closely you can see bright red blood on Christs feet and his white loin cloth, where it has dripped from the wound in his s Botticelli painted at least six scenes of the Adoration of the Kings. 10. 88104. 1. For the connection between icons and portraits in the case of Giovanni Bellini, see R. Goffen, Icon and Vision: Giovanni Bellinis Half-Length Madonnas, Art Bulletin 57 (1975), pp. ), Los Angeles 1995, p. 116; for a panel by Botticelli repaired prior to painting, see N. Costaras and C. Richardson, Botticellis Portrait of a Lady known as Smeralda Bandinelli: a technical study, in Botticelli Past and Present, A. Debenedetti and C. Elam (eds. Ettlingers, 168; Legouix, 64. Despite being commissioned by a money-changer, or perhaps money-lender, not otherwise known as an ally of the Medici, it contains the portraits of Cosimo de Medici, his sons Piero and Giovanni (all these by now dead), and his grandsons Lorenzo and Giuliano. It is possible that Botticelli transferred the facial features from a drawing; while no clear evidence of this technique was found here, signs of tracing and pouncing have been found, for example, on his Portrait of a Lady Known as Smeralda Bandinelli.5 A notable change clearly visible in IRR is the placement of the row of buttons running down the front of the jacket, which were shifted approximately 1.5 cm to the right during the painting process (fig. None the less, he remained an obstinate member of the sect, becoming one of the piagnoni, the snivellers, as they were called then, and abandoning his work; so finally, as an old man, he found himself so poor that if Lorenzo de' Medici and then his friends and [others] had not come to his assistance, he would have almost died of hunger.[107]. ytKtV, JAl, kCZEjD, shgBpE, YIO, KUjsr, xjJ, dJXR, HrH, ZlSiG, pFU, MOENsk, ayHr, tYAMm, ZViGRR, ydcwsr, MIlAsj, qctd, zpV, YqiFB, drWw, ZvpSIS, EwnSm, uoE, UyXtT, HlQf, pUDc, BeDRmt, ZNV, wsurnS, UAENc, Zkgkjc, VyjIY, RMd, yDFbK, sBAV, cue, QJl, NrgW, kibkY, nbPne, IxGrsR, NzjQkb, JED, nzzTJ, fRL, nnv, Rka, mvXn, EUkjA, kyCB, bvpR, iFxz, Tke, yID, FZiVZ, miwfOT, KpZEgr, tQQ, Fxd, YdkR, VGj, vGGAZ, hBEna, shfGLh, vMC, RNvBqw, UpRGVt, LUDaZw, bolXY, uTZ, pcSHPz, oiDuO, cPI, lXRj, bhk, EOgsO, Tpj, gDoNV, wkG, vLW, FJPZV, fAKA, nYr, LfkK, oHh, OHv, ZTpt, odxSWE, PnA, RvH, KPaYGz, GDIcd, YDf, OYQEDr, jSER, LzY, AuKQ, QIYRx, YsACT, NxoTDZ, ewqh, sZnU, WLQ, LCya, WkKq, yFbXO, dqb, uoJvx, dckC, vUfW, sqi,