Both cell arrays are a series of double arrays which match in dimension between the cell arrays, but change size within the cell array. That is. If you use outside the if condition the result state may not be saved to true if this for loop is nested inside another loop which means it will restore the result state back to false. I will go to see Top Gun: Maverick tomorrow if it is showing in the IMAX theater AND there are tickets available for the 7:00 show. whos logInd Name Size Bytes Class Attributes logInd 1x20 20 logical One option is to continue using cellfun for this, as follows: fun_stf = cellfun (@ (x,y) ~x & ~y,fun_stf_p,fun_stf_s) Another option is to convert to a double and then back again. If A is a nonempty matrix, all(A) treats the columns of A as vectors, returning a row vector of logical 1's and 0's. Surely you don't need the 'UniformOutput', 'false' if the two arrays fulfil those criteria. To pick out the high temperatures on the days when it rained or snowed: >> temperature = [41, 37, 28, 23, 36, 44, 50]; Extended Capabilities Tall Arrays The array has logical 1 (true) values where A is odd. If vectors are all the same length, working with logical arrays will be easier & faster. But it always returns false if I use 'continue'. If that is the case, you can try something like: Theme. Any nonzero element of A is Agree The matlab equality operators compares array element-wise and returns true/false (logical 1/0) for each element. ans = logical 1 You can perform logical and relational comparisons within the function call to any or all. If vectors are all the same length, working with logical arrays will be easier & faster. % the two different logical arrays produced by cellfun: fun_stf_p = cellfun (@ (x) x >= stf_p_lb & x <= stf_p_ub, PRES, 'UniformOutput', false); fun_stf_s = cellfun (@ (x) x >= stf_s_lb & x <= stf_s_ub, PSAL, 'UniformOutput', false); % Create a third logical cell array for which both cell arrays return true type of logic? Logical arrays also are created by the relational Matlab stores matrices using column major layout. Other MathWorks country Logical indexing can also be used between two arrays, provided that they have the same dimensions. . I already have my line code working. Suppose there are two arrays containing daily high temperatures and precipitation levels. Output v contains the non-zero elements of the logical array obtained by evaluating the expression X. result in a conversion error. Because of the finite precision with which numbers are stored in a computer, roundoff error will often cause values that should be equal to be unequal. Find the treasures in MATLAB Central and discover how the community can help you! For MATLAB offers two types of logical operators and functions Element-wise these operators operate on corresponding elements of logical arrays. This function fully supports distributed arrays. Logical indexing is used to extract the values of an array that meet a certain condition. Conditions are expressed in terms of a comparison of two quantities by applying one or more of the following relational operators: > greater than % apply function to 'input_data.id' array logicalOutput = arr. 1. Now we are going to use the logical operators in conditional statements. You can use volshow to get a 3D rendering, though you may be asked to set your opengl settings to hardware-based in order for it to work. MATLAB offers two types of logical operators and functions . Short-circuit these operators operate/work on scalar, logical expressions. For example, adding zero to a logical array returns a double array. Based on fun_stf = cellfun (@ (x,y) ~x & ~y,fun_stf_p,fun_stf_s) Another option is to convert to a double and then back again. I only want it to return logical true when they both satisfy the conditions and return logical true. This chapter introduces the concepts of relational and boolean operations and shows how they are applied to arrays. Returns at most the first k indices corresponding to the nonzero entries of X. k must be a positive integer, but it can be of any numeric data type. Is there a reason why you are using cell arrays in the first place? By using this website, you agree with our Cookies Policy. Combining two logical vectors - MATLAB Answers - MATLAB Central Combining two logical vectors Follow 227 views (last 30 days) Show older comments Stephen on 5 Apr 2016 Vote 2 Link Edited: Azzi Abdelmalek on 5 Apr 2016 Accepted Answer: Kuifeng Dear All, I have 2 logical vectors: Theme Copy vec1 = false (5,1); vec1 (1,1)=1; %vec1 = [1 0 0 0 0]'; and (A,B) is an alternate way to execute A & B, but is rarely used. This makes it easy to quickly test an array for a variety of properties. Logical exclusive-OR; performs an exclusive OR operation on the corresponding elements of arrays A and B. and returns an array containing elements set to either logical 1 (true) or logical 0 (false). 4. Example of Matlab 2D Array. Start Hunting . Use the logical NOT operator, ~, on L to find the even elements of A. Learn more about for loop MATLAB. The any function ignores entries that are NaN (Not a Number). Other MathWorks country Sorry if that wasn't clear. You have two similar Matlab files and you make this array equal to 3 bytes vector by the calculation. Data Types: single | double | int8 | int16 | int32 | int64 | uint8 | uint16 | uint32 | uint64 | logical | char. You can also select a web site from the following list: Select the China site (in Chinese or English) for best site performance. Accelerate code by running on a graphics processing unit (GPU) using Parallel Computing Toolbox. Affordable solution to train a team and make them project ready. It is common to make decisions this way in everyday life, as in these examples: In the first example, both conditions have to be true for the decision to be taken. By default, MATLAB creates integer arrays as double precision arrays. How do I exit a for loop after logical index is found true in an array? The first 3 elements of the resulting logical array are logical 0 (false), since the first 3 elements of A are not greater than 4. Generally to generate a multidimensional array, we first create a two-dimensional array and extend it. Element-wise logical operators operate element-by-element on logical arrays. Another option is to convert to a double and then back again. If A is a multidimensional array, any(A) acts along the first non-singleton dimension and returns an array of logical values. But since my matrix is binary, I am hoping that there is a way to create an array of bits instead of doubles and consume far less memory. Examples An array having more than two dimensions is called a multidimensional array in MATLAB. Convert numeric values to logical; returns an array that can be used for logical indexing or logical tests. The result of applying one of these operators is either true (logical 1) or false (logical 0). The result is a vector containing all odd elements of A. Learn more about app designer, initialisng, app., matlab, fft MATLAB combing two arrays into a table (app. If X is an N-dimensional array with N > 2, col contains linear indices for the columns. This can be seen by calculating the difference: The usual practice with floating-point numbers is to set a tolerance and regard any value less than that tolerance as zero: >> tolerance = 1.0e-9; Matlab operates on whole arrays and matrices hence, Matlab functions work on non-scalar and scalar data. MathWorks is the leading developer of mathematical computing software for engineers and scientists. Finds logical AND of array or scalar inputs; performs a logical AND of all input arrays A, B, etc. % the nature of the product (positive, % negative or zero) of the two. % MATLAB script is used to determine. I will go cycling this afternoon if it does NOT rain. is an m-by-n-by-p-by- array of logical ones. We can use logical arrays such as this to perform logical indexing such as set the elements of A where A is less than 0.5 to . MATLAB provide two types of logical operators: Element-wise these operators operate/work on corresponding elements of logical arrays. hi guys, How can i create a logical array [1 0 1 0 1 1 ..] 1-by-15 it will go into gamultiobj with bitstring so the the arranging is not important. Finds logical NOT of array or scalar input; performs a logical NOT of input array A and returns an array containing elements set to either logical 1 (true) or logical 0 (false). Most arithmetic operations involving logical arrays return double values. time_0 should to be positive integers or logical values. Certain MATLAB functions and operators return logical values to indicate fulfillment of a condition. At that time we can use the above statement to create the 2D array. I'm assuming that time_0 is a cell containing an array of indices. ans = logical 1 You can perform logical and relational comparisons within the function call to any or all. ~= is not equal. Follow 5 views (last 30 days) Show older comments. If A is an empty 0-by-0 matrix, any(A) returns logical 0 (false). An element of the output array is set to logical 1 ( true) if both A and B contain a nonzero element at that same array location. Find the treasures in MATLAB Central and discover how the community can help you! Logical operators and many appropriate functions produced outputs that were marked as logical, and only index arrays that had this logical attribute would cause logical indexing to be used. For bit-wise logical AND operations, see bitand. For example, to determine which elements of A are between 5 and 9, inclusive: >> first6_presidents = ["Washington", "Adams", "Jefferson", "Madison", "Monroe", "Adams"]; >> is_Adams = first6_presidents == "Adams". I would like to exit a loop if the result is set to true in the for loop. operators (==,<,>,~, more information, see Run MATLAB Functions in Thread-Based Environment. an array of logical values. On this array ``A`` I calculate the pca: `` [coeff score latent] = pca (zscore (A))```. An element of the output array is set to 1 if any input arrays contain a nonzero element at that same array location. 7. Otherwise, the array element is set to 0. The next chapter discusses use of relational and boolean expressions with the if statement to make decisions (branching) in a program. Let's see the very basic example of a 2D array as follows. L = logical(A) converts A into == is equal Since the relational operator has a higher precedence than the boolean operator, no parentheses are needed. Multiple relational operators can be combined with boolean operators to determine which elements of an array meet a complex condition. fun_stf_s = cellfun(@(x) x >= stf_s_lb & x <= stf_s_ub, PSAL, % Create a third logical cell array for which both cell arrays return true, Why do you have logical cell arrays in the first place? I have tried the if condition and catch method but the app just returns an empty table. Arithmetic Operators This is possible because MATLAB arrays are stored column wise in memory. If A is a nonempty matrix, any(A) treats the columns of A as vectors, returning a row vector of logical 1's and 0's. So in this array you have you two dimensional Matlab code and vectorize Matlab. For bit-wise logical AND operations, see bitand. . sites are not optimized for visits from your location. Determine if all array elements of array A are nonzero or true. I would like to compare two logical cell arrays, creating a third logical cell array returning true for when index values of both logical cell arrays are true. Logical arrays also are created by the relational operators ( ==, <, >, ~ , etc.) Find the modulus, mod(A,2), and convert it to a logical array for indexing. Learn more about app designer, initialisng, app., matlab, fft MATLAB Based on Otherwise, that element is set to 0. Multidimensional arrays in MATLAB are an extension of the normal two-dimensional matrix. Maybe PCA is not the right approach for this problem? I would like to obtain vec3 such that it contains 1 in a specific row if either vec1 or vec2 contain 1. Have a suggestion for improvement? For example, suppose you want to take the average of only the positive numbers in an array: The expression X (X > 0) picks out only those elements of X that meet the condition, X > 0. my first matrix T is of order 101 by 101 and the other one A is 1001 by 1001 and i want the resultant matrix E_epsilon to be of order 101 by 101. It enables operator overloading for classes. Web browsers do not support MATLAB commands. Can't find it anywhere % in the code I've been given. and isfinite. Based on your location, we recommend that you select: . The last 3 elements are logical 1 (true), since the corresponding elements of A are greater than 4. Otherwise, that element is set to 0. The symbols |, & and ~ are the . Here's a screen shot from MATLAB 5.1 in 1997 showing this new form of logical indexing. Sum two arrays using logical indices. is an array of logical ones that is the same size as array A. is an array of logical ones of the same data type and sparsity as the logical array p. Enjoy unlimited access on 5500+ Hand Picked Quality Video Courses. Generate CUDA code for NVIDIA GPUs using GPU Coder. For example: Although these two expressions are mathematically equal, their digital representations are slightly different. Find an error? I'm guessing this would be x==1 & y==1 instead of ~x & ~y, which seems . your location, we recommend that you select: . Arithmetic operators Relational operators Logical operators Bitwise operators Set operators 1. If vectors are all the same length, working with logical arrays will be easier & faster. Struggling in MATLAB 9 minutos ago. Returns the row and column indices of the nonzero entries in the matrix X. Live Demo The size of this dimension reduces to 1 while the sizes of all other dimensions remain the same. % numbers given by the user. In the vectorized file you find a you can try these outand stringBd file and you have the stringFile object that is provided for this Bb file. Accelerating the pace of engineering and science. For more information, see Run MATLAB Functions on a GPU (Parallel Computing Toolbox). return double values. In some cases, it is useful to know the indices of the elements that meet the condition. Do you want to open this example with your edits? To pick out the high temperatures on the days when it rained or snowed: >> temperature = [41, 37, 28, 23, 36, 44, 50]; >> precipitation = [0, 0, 1.2, 0.3, 0, 2.5, 0.3]; >> temp_wet_days = temperature (precipitation > 0). Pick out the odd-numbered elements of a numeric matrix. If A is a multidimensional array, all(A) acts along the first non-singleton dimension and returns an array of logical values. I am trying to apply a function to an big array. Most arithmetic operations involving logical arrays Calculate with arrays that have more rows than fit in memory. Determine if all elements in A are odd. y=~isnan (x) for k=1:R % I don't know if z has been previously defined. not Nan) % contains True. Choose a web site to get translated content where available and see local events and offers. The find() function is useful for this type of analysis. This technique, logical indexing, is typically used in conjunction with a relational operator to choose the elements of an array that meet a certain condition. This function fully supports tall arrays. So when you have A = [1 1 0 0], B = [1 0 1 0] and you check for A == B, you don't get 'false' but instead you get [1 0 0 1]. Find the treasures in MATLAB Central and discover how the community can help you! You have a modified version of this example. Learn more about sum, logical, array MATLAB This function fully supports GPU arrays. Replace 'last' with 'first' to determine the first occurrence of the condition. In other cases, it may be based on one of several conditions being true. Decision-making in computer programs is typically driven by logical comparisons: one action is performed if a condition is true, while another is performed if it is false. Edited: Imraan Ibrahim about 8 hours ago. A = [2 4; 5 -2; 4 8] Explanation: Suppose we need to create a 2D array that is size 2 by 2. The result of relational operations can be stored in a variable for later reference: It is a bad practice to apply the equality operator (==) to expressions involving floating-point numbers. Determine if input is logical array; returns true if A is a logical array and false otherwise. Determine if any array elements are nonzero; tests whether any of the elements along various dimensions of an array is a nonzero number or is logical 1 (true). The output is a logical output. position_0 {tr} = pos ( [time_0 {:}]); Sign in to comment. Choose a web site to get translated content where available and see local events and % x is an array, I believe of dimension (R, 2) % I understand that the following line creates a logical array y of the same % dimensions as x in which every position that has a number (i.e. You can also select a web site from the following list: Select the China site (in Chinese or English) for best site performance. Create a script file and type the following code , When you run the file, it produces following result , Apart from the above-mentioned logical operators, MATLAB provides the following commands or functions used for the same purpose . For example, to determine the last day when the temperature was below freezing: >>last_freeze = find (temperature < 32, 1, 'last'). and zeros are converted to logical 0 (false). I checked that this arrayfunction is working for me. Accelerating the pace of engineering and science. Generate Verilog and VHDL code for FPGA and ASIC designs using HDL Coder. We make use of First and third party cookies to improve our user experience. The symbols &, |, and ~ are the logical array operators AND, OR, and NOT. Other MathWorks country sites are not optimized for visits from your location. and functions like any, all, isnan, isinf , and isfinite. You can also select a web site from the following list: Select the China site (in Chinese or English) for best site performance. In many cases, it is useful to evaluate two or more conditions simultaneously; boolean operators (and, or and not) are used in conjunction with relationals to evaluate more complex conditions. For example, adding zero to a logical array Learn more about logical array . This enables the reduction of many logical values into a single logical condition. https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/277297-combining-two-logical-vectors, https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/277297-combining-two-logical-vectors#answer_216550. Notice the output of whos (there was no Workspace Browser yet). For example, in the previous example, we may want to determine the days when the high temperature was below freezing. Returns a column or row vector v of the nonzero entries in X, as well as row and column indices. This makes it easy to quickly test an array for a variety of properties. Next, use the mod function along with the logical NOT operator, ~, to determine which elements in A are even. Logical indexing can also be used between two arrays, provided that they have the same dimensions. In MATLAB and other programming languages, these kinds of compound conditions are implemented using boolean operators: When a relational operator is applied to an array, the result is a logical array an array of true/false values (also called logical 1 / logical 0). Short-circuit these operators operate on scalar, logical expressions. MathWorks is the leading developer of mathematical computing software for engineers and scientists. You clicked a link that corresponds to this MATLAB command: Run the command by entering it in the MATLAB Command Window. Finds logical OR of array or scalar inputs; performs a logical OR of all input arrays A, B, etc. If X contains no nonzero elements or is an empty array, then an empty array is returned. what my intension is, I want to subtract two matrices which are not of the same order though. You can use those logical values to index into an array or execute conditional code. A (~L) ans = 31 -8 4 2 Input Arguments collapse all A Input array combing two arrays into a table (app. The find() function can also return the index of the first or last occurrence(s) of a condition. % the two different logical arrays produced by cellfun: fun_stf_p = cellfun(@(x) x >= stf_p_lb & x <= stf_p_ub, PRES. . The size of this dimension reduces to 1 while the sizes of all other dimensions remain the same. Find the treasures in MATLAB Central and discover how the community can help you! offers. Use the logical NOT operator, ~, on L to find the even elements of A. Example 2: Matlab. If you want to check if the whole vectors A and B are equal you need to check if the condition all (A==B . Now let's see the different examples of 2D arrays in Matlab for better understanding as follows. Please submit this survey. Start Hunting! The way computers do that is by making comparisons, such as Is this variable greater than that one? or Is this variable equal to a certain value? The operators that perform these comparisons are called relational operators. Sum two arrays using logical indices. A (L) ans = 61 1 5 -3 1 7 3 The result is a vector containing all odd elements of A. information, see Run MATLAB Functions with Distributed Arrays (Parallel Computing Toolbox). Element-wise these operators operate on corresponding elements of logical arrays. This data type represents true and false states using the numbers 1 and 0, respectively. Partition large arrays across the combined memory of your cluster using Parallel Computing Toolbox. Is there a reason why you are using cell arrays in the first place? more information, see Tall Arrays. This code returns logical true for when both cells are 0 or 1. Both cell arrays are a series of double arrays which match in dimension between the cell arrays, but change size within the cell array. Hey guys, does anyone know whats wrong. It is often used in conjunction with a logical array to find the indices of the elements that satisfy a condition. I presume, this for loop is present inside another loop, thats why result flag is being set to false again. Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB Coder. If A is a vector, all(A) returns logical 1 (true) if all the elements are nonzero and returns logical 0 (false) if one or more elements are zero. Can you g. etc.) Unable to complete the action because of changes made to the page. Want to create or adapt books like this? 2. Undefined unary operator '~' for input arguments of type 'cell'. returns a double array. >= greater than or equal to >> freezing_days = find(temperature < 32). Unable to complete the action because of changes made to the page. I will take that job if they give me a raise over my current salary OR they give me a bigger office. All Rights Reserved. Learn more about sum, logical, array MATLAB If they have to be the same length (which they do for you to compare them element by element) and they are both logical then why not just put them in a logical array and use. I seems its reading the arrays as if they are empty as they are only defined within the function. Is there a reason why you are using cell arrays in the first place? It display "Array indices must be positive integers or logical values". An element of the output array is set to 1 if the input array contains a zero value element at that same array location. Determine if all elements in A are odd. In other words, each column in the array is stored one after another. Complex values and NaNs cannot be converted to logical values and The array RATN is a 6X10 array that is used in the calculation of C1-4. In the second, if either or both conditions are true, the decision is taken. Show Hide 1 older comment. Logical arrays can be 3D just like any other Matlab array (except tables and 2D sparse matrices). For a computer program to have intelligence, it must be able to make decisions. Element-wise logical operators operate element-by-element on logical arrays. This tells us that the 3rd and 4th days had sub-freezing high temperatures. offers. Tests along the dimension of A specified by scalar dim. <= less than or equal to returns at most the last k indices corresponding to the nonzero entries of X. Vote. Use L as a logical index to pick out the odd elements of A. all (~A (:)) ans = logical 0 Determine whether any main or super diagonal elements in A are even. I would like to create a 6x10 array for each C1 , C2 , C3 , and C4 based on the index value in which if RATN is greater than 0.1 but less than 2.0 a value is calculated from one equation, but if the value is greater than 2 the value is calculated from a different equation. Fundamentally, find() returns the indices of all non-zero elements in an array. Thanks for your answer! If X is a logical expression, then v is a logical array. Reload the page to see its updated state. MATLAB Programming for Engineering Applications Copyright by James Toney and jayakumar5. MATLAB returns an array that matches the elements of the array X, element-by-element holding 1s where the matching values in X are the desired values, and 0s otherwise. If A is an empty 0-by-0 matrix, all(A) returns logical 1 (true). is an m-by-n-by-p-by- array of logical zeros. yes you're correct,but i 'am still facing a problem to put this into code. MATLAB represents Boolean data using the logical data type. Use L as a logical index to pick out the odd elements of A. Copy. The resulting element C(i,j,) is logical true (1) if A(i,j,) or B(i,j,), but not both, is nonzero. So the element at row 1 column 2 is, in fact, the fifth element stored. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. The number 1 can be replaced by any positive integer, n, to determine the first or last n occurrences. Short-circuit logical operators allow short-circuiting on logical operations. This syntax is especially useful when working with sparse matrices. I created a random binary matrix A and converted it to a logical array B: A = randi ( [0 1], 1000, 1000); B=logical (A); 2 Comments. Reset the random number generator to the default state for reproducibility. num1 = input ('Enter the first number:- '); num2 = input ('Enter the second number:- '); . This function fully supports thread-based environments. is an array of logical zeros that is the same size as array A. is an array of logical zeros of the same data type and sparsity as the logical array p. Find indices and values of nonzero elements; locates all nonzero elements of array X, and returns the linear indices of those elements in a vector. For Thank you for your response! < less than Run MATLAB Functions in Thread-Based Environment, Run MATLAB Functions with Distributed Arrays, Find Array Elements That Meet a Condition. For example, let's create a two-dimensional array a. For more If X is a row vector, then the returned vector is a row vector; otherwise, it returns a column vector. Short-circuit these operators operate on scalar, logical expressions. Otherwise, that element is set to 0. Learn more, Data Preprocessing for Machine Learning using MATLAB. A & B performs a logical AND of arrays A and B and returns an array containing elements set to either logical 1 (true) or logical 0 (false).An element of the output array is set to logical 1 (true) if both A and B contain a nonzero element at that same array location.Otherwise, the array element is set to 0. Reload the page to see its updated state. This means the 2d matrix: A = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 is stored in memory as one dimensional array going down the columns of A: A = { array = [1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9] n_rows = 3 n_cols = 3 } The matrix B: B = 0 1 0 1 0 1 is stored in memory as: B = { array = [0 1 1 0 0 1] n_rows = 2 n_cols = 3 } Suppose there are two arrays containing daily high temperatures and precipitation levels. Input array, specified as a scalar, vector, matrix, or multidimensional An element of the output array is set to 1 if all input arrays contain a nonzero element at that same array location. Instead, I created a vector, which holds the indices where there is a '1' in the original measurement array. For example, if these commands are executed: >> A_gt_4 = A > 4 %Are the elements of A greater than 4? First, create a matrix A that contains random integers between 1 and 25. MathWorks is the leading developer of mathematical computing software for engineers and scientists. your location, we recommend that you select: . I'm guessing this would be x==1 & y==1 instead of ~x & ~y, which seems to be working, You may receive emails, depending on your. Choose a web site to get translated content where available and see local events and I also modified the input data to do the PCA not on the logical bit array itself. and functions like any, all, isnan, isinf, In some cases, a decision is based on multiple conditions being true simultaneously. Different Types of Operators There are different types of Matlab operators. converted to logical 1 (true) One option is to continue using cellfun for this, as follows: fun_stf = cellfun(@(x,y) ~x & ~y,fun_stf_p,fun_stf_s). If A is a vector, any(A) returns logical 1 (true) if any of the elements of A is a nonzero number or is logical 1 (true), and returns logical 0 (false) if all the elements are zero. array. The same technique can be applied to character or string arrays, as in these examples: MATLAB Programming for Engineering Applications, at least one of the conditions must be true. Accelerating the pace of engineering and science. >> abs(lhs - rhs) < tolerance. The array logInd is not an array of double numbers, but have the class logical. The array has logical 1 ( true) values where A is odd. I have been unsuccessfully trying to use union or setxor Thank you for your help, You may receive emails, depending on your. sites are not optimized for visits from your location. 0. It also returns true if A is an instance of a class that is derived from the logical class. all (~A (:)) ans = logical 0 Determine whether any main or super diagonal elements in A are even. Element-wise logical operators operate by taking single element at a time of logical arrays. Branching & Looping II - Complex Programs. and returns an array containing elements set to either logical 1 (true) or logical 0 (false). A powerful technique for analyzing data arrays is to use a logical array as an index; this picks out the values of the data array for which the logical array is true. It sounds like time_0 is a cell. The symbols && and || are the logical short-circuit operators AND and OR. 3. But once I run it on appdesigner. https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/465843-how-to-compare-two-logical-arrays, https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/465843-how-to-compare-two-logical-arrays#comment_712216, https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/465843-how-to-compare-two-logical-arrays#comment_712228, https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/465843-how-to-compare-two-logical-arrays#answer_378122, https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/465843-how-to-compare-two-logical-arrays#comment_712227, https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/465843-how-to-compare-two-logical-arrays#comment_712237. I prepare an array as input for ``pca ()`` with ``m``*n columns (``m``< 32768; its a subset of all the observed bits, as the original data might be too big for pca) and 4 rows (one row for each device). 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