For example, a patient with aprosody would be unable to appreciate the contrasting feelings in the question "Are you going home?" asked first by a jealous hospital roommate and then by a gleeful child. **2. Children with CAS are frequently reported to have prosodic errors as well as many speech sound errors. involves deep-seated feelings of shyness and inadequacy. In modern phonetics the word 'prosody' and its adjectival Whenever we speak, whether we realize it or not, there are nonverbal aspects of our speech that reveal information about our feelings and attitude. 8600 Rockville Pike People with this disorder show a pattern of distorted thinking and eccentric behavior. Additionally, symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech depending on the type of schizophrenic episode. "[4] These differences cause a person to lose the characteristics of their particular individual speech. By definition, abnormal means deviating from the norm. We also may use greater articulatory force to emphasize a word or phrase. The only form of effective treatment developed for dysprosody is speech therapy. Keifer CM, Mikami AY, Morris JP, Libsack EJ, Lerner MD. PTSD is characterized by a wide range of symptoms that arise from experiencing a traumatic event, either firsthand or one that was witnessed. It could be a concept called *yield management*, also referred to as revenue management. ** An unfavorable change in business is remotely possible; in this case, production and sales volume for [14] Studies have shown that treatment for Parkinson's disease can help with the dysprosody symptoms, however there is usually an improvement in pitch control only and not in the volume and emotional aspects of the condition. It was two years later that she was admitted to the Neurological University Clinic in Oslo, Norway and seen by Dr. Monrad-Krohn. Depressed individuals experience any number of common symptoms, including feelings of sadness, loss of interest in activities, digestive issues, chronic pain, and feelings of hopelessness. This study showed, for the first time, that abnormalities in ERP measures of early auditory processing in WS are also present during the processing of emotional vocal information. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Now that we understand the basic underpinnings of what makes something abnormal, we can look at some examples of abnormal psychology. Psychologists study the symptoms of these disorders as well as their causes. Its also worthy of noting that a person can have more than one personality disorder. Prosodic features typically appear in connected speech and often occur naturally. Prosody of speech . In the productive part, the patient is asked to say sentences with certain instructions. We express prosody mainly by varying pitch, loudness, and duration. Verbal individuals with autism frequently exhibit speech atypicalities, such as abnormal prosody, impaired motor speech abilities, and vocal differences. Pick's patient also had right hemiparesis, a lesser version of hemiplegia, and aphasia after the stroke. A person can experience psychological distress, physical distress, or both as a result of a mental disorder. These attacks are severe and involve both psychological and physical distress. Making independent decisions might be difficult without reassurance from others. PMC (See videos at the end) Oro-buccal dyskinetic movements Tics Akathisia Parkinsonian Tremor Choreiform movements Dystonia Catatonic features $$ One possible result is a sales volume of 28,000 units. A common example of this is the fear of public speaking. A number of abnormal speech patterns in autism have been identified, including echolalia, pronoun reversal, metaphorical language, poor grammatical structure, atonality, and arrhythmia studies have shown that abnormal speech patterns in autism are reflected in pitch variability and spectral content. Studies have shown that the ability to express emotional information is dependent on motor, perceptual, and neurobehavioral functions all working together in a specific way. The company president is confident that this volume is within the relevant range of existing capacity. For example, stress can be used within words to sig-nal the part of speech of a word, such as "INsult" (a noun) and inSULT (a verb). \text{Gross profit}&&\text{\hspace{23pt}893,000}\\ Although not well understood yet,[when?] Dysprosodies are usually attributed to neurological damage, including brain trauma or tumors, vascular damage, stroke, and severe head injuries. You can expect a response in 24-hours or less. [21], The first documented occurrence of dysprosody was described by Pierre Marie, a French neurologist, in 1907. In the past decade research on dysprosody has begun to focus on its relationship to other, more common conditions such as Parkinson's condition. Marie described the case of a Frenchman who started speaking in an Alsatian accent after a cerebrovascular accident caused right hemiplegia. A person that is distressed and impaired cannot function normally in specific aspects of their life. Abnormal Psychology Disorders include anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, mood disorders, personality disorders, schizophrenia, delusional disorders, substance use disorders, dissociative disorders, and impulse control disorders. To be diagnosed with schizophrenia, at least two of the symptoms listed above must be present for a period of at least six months. So, a person that double-checks the door to make sure its locked would not be diagnosed with OCD. \text{Selling expenses}&\\ What Careers are in Experimental Psychology? Other common examples of OCD include: These behaviors must be time-consuming or cause clinically significant distress or impairment in a persons functioning. it is estimated that over ___ of all adults with ASD will also have at least one other diagnosable mental health condition, what are the tow most common anxiety disorders seen with ASD, social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder, which of the following is a factor that leads to increased risk of mental health problems in people who have autism, what etiological factors are associated with autism with learning disability, poor fetal growth and underlying genetic syndromes, which of the following is a benefit to an individuals family of identifying genetic syndromes, difficulties with specific abilities used for learning, approximately how many people with autism have a learning ability, Stop Over-Medication of People with a learning disability, autism, or both, All of the following are sustainable methods businesses can use to raise capital (funding) except for ________. Like depression, anxiety disorders are also quite common in the general population. [6] A person with dysprosody would not be able to accurately convey emotion vocally, such as through pitch or melody, or make any conclusion about another person's feeling through his speech. [18], Neurological conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder, and several psychiatric conditions, such as clinical depression and schizophrenia, are characterized by distinctive prosodic patterns. Got a question you want a BCBA or other ABA expert to answer? As a result, the life experience of those around them can also be significantly affected. Emotional dysprosody can be diagnosed by having a patient state a neutral sentence with different emotions, such as happy, sad, and angry. Upon completion of therapy, most people can identify prosodic cues in natural situations, such as normal conversation. [citation needed], When studies of dysprosody first began, diagnosis involved an untrained ear determining impairments in the prosodic elements. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal There are also more involved diagnostic evaluations for which contain both productive and comprehensive parts. An official website of the United States government. During the comprehension section of the evaluation, a clinician reads simple sentences with either a declarative or interrogative intonation and the patient is asked to identify whether the sentence is a question or a statement. He noticed a 29-year-old Czechoslovak had started speaking in a Polish accent following a stroke. In addition, dysprosody has been associated with several other conditions, including Parkinson's condition, Huntington's condition, gelastic epilepsy (gelastic seizure), and behavioral disorders such as apathy, akinesia and aboulia. What follows below is an outline of the basics. Name an additional industry that could implement yield management. Over time, her speech began to improve, eventually recovering full fluency, but she developed a British accent despite having lived in the US for her whole life. For example, persistent depressive disorder occurs when a person is depressed for two years or longer. And of those people whose behavior can be classified as abnormal, many of them have an identifiable mental disorder. This personality disorder involves a pattern of behavior that is characterized by the need for control, orderliness, and perfection. One of the major characteristics of autism is abnormal speech patterns. government site. How the patient uses prosodic contours to distinguish between asking a question and saying a statement is recorded. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders. \qquad\text{Direct Materials}&\text{\$1,200,000}\\ Copyright by Special Learning Inc. All right reserved. This belief led to the development of the "Functional Lateralization" hypothesis, stating that dysprosody can be caused by lesions in either the right or left hemispheres. Autisticchildren tend to repeat certain words and phrases over and over. Treatment following the lines of the principles of motor learning (PML) was found to improve the production of lexical stress contrasts. They are conditions that last for a long period of time and can cause significant distress and difficulty in daily functioning. Over time, there have also been cases of people with dysprosody gaining their native accent back with no course of treatment. There has been no evidence that ethnicity, age, or genetics has any impact on the development of dysprosody. These treatments include medications such as L-DOPA as well as electrophysiological treatments. They might also display strange behaviors, have unusual beliefs, or have excessive social anxiety. \qquad\text{Utilities (25\\\% is variable cost)}&\text{\hspace{15pt}200,000}\\ It could also affect a person's employment prospects. MeSH 2009 2022 Special Learning, Inc All Rights Reserved, OUR CLINICAL & BUSINESS ADVISORY BOARD MEMBERS, 325 Sharon Park Drive, Unit 647 Menlo Park, CA 94025, Using Technology Teaching in Special Needs. While common symptoms of Parkinson's disease are tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability, dysprosody is also a common problem. Some forms of schizophrenia primarily involve positive symptoms or psychosis in the form of hallucinations and delusions. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. We recorded semi-spontaneous but controlled conversations in adults with and without ASD and measured features related to pitch and . This is a breakdown in behavior. is characterized by clingy and submissive behavior. By definition, children withautismshow delays and deficits in the acquisition of language, which range from the almost complete absence of functional communication to adequate linguistic knowledge, but impairments in the use of that knowledge in conversation or other discourse contexts. of the following, which is potential trigger for anxiety attacks in people with autism? [8] Krohn could not understand how she had acquired a foreign accent; it could not be attributed to any known disorder or condition. There are many different kinds of dissociative disorders: Other, less common dissociative disorders include Other Specified Dissociative Disorder and Unspecified Dissociative Disorder. is characterized by a pattern of disregarding others. \qquad\text{Sales salary (fixed annual amount)}&\underline{\text{\hspace{15pt}160,000}}&\text{\hspace{15pt}356,000}\\ No part of this article may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. In addition to obsessive-compulsive disorder, there are related disorders that share similar features and symptoms. Epub 2012 Jul 10. Deficits in prosody production and comprehension have been consistently reported in behavioral studies. In addition, aprosody restricts the ability to impart emotional qualities to speech. is a childhood anxiety disorder that is characterized by the inability to speak in certain settings, like school, even though speaking in other situations, like at home, is not problematic. There are many different ways of describing the spoken cadences of verse. [22] In 2006, another report was documented of Linda Walker, a native of England, who developed a foreign accent after having a stroke. Social Studies Education | University of Wyoming, B.S. Schizophrenia. It was long believed that the right hemisphere of the brain was responsible for prosodic organization, ultimately leading to a grossly oversimplified hemispheric model. Fill in this form and one of our professionals will handle your question quickly and confidently. HPO: HP:0031434 Definition An anomaly of the expressive patterns of speech that involve intonation, stress pattern, loudness variations, pausing, articulatory force, and rhythm. Dysprosody, which may manifest as pseudo-foreign accent syndrome, refers to a disorder in which one or more of the prosodic functions are either compromised or eliminated.[1]. There are several types of bipolar disorders, including: As you can imagine, bipolar disorders are highly challenging because of the changes in mood. This study showed, for the first time . \text{Sales}&&\text{\$3,000,000}\\ Dysprosody is characterized by changes in the intensity of speech, the timing of speech segments, and in the ways, words are spoken, including their rhythm and pitch. [citation needed]. Pick later wanted to follow up on his research but was not able to, since the patient had died with no autopsy performed. It also includes trichotillomania, or compulsive pulling of ones hair, and body dysmorphic disorder, in which a person believes that a specific part of their body is severely flawed. These symptoms might include: People with PTSD are often prone to anger, aggression, and self-destructive behavior, as well as a host of other severe symptoms. Various languages and poetic traditions listen for stress, vowel length, syllable count, or some combination of these three, and poets experiment with all of them. Agrawal D, Timm L, Viola FC, Debener S, Bchner A, Dengler R, Wittfoth M. BMC Neurosci. \textbf{For Year Ended December 31, 2019}\\ Likewise, abnormal psychologists strive to develop treatments for mental and behavioral disorders that fall under the realm of abnormal. These treatments can range from medication to therapy and many points in between. Maternal Interactive Behaviours in Parenting Children with Williams Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Relations with Emotional/Behavioural Problems. [10], There have been another 21 cases documented up until 1978. Each of these challenges is explained in greater detail below. Change and progress was the ultimate goal for our kiddos. facial and gestural) in individuals with Parkinson's disease, as well as in individuals with other disorders affecting basal ganglia circuitry, are providing increasing evidence for an additional non-motorically based dimension underlying prosodic deficits[16] and a meta-analysis examining almost 1300 individuals with Parkinson's disease reported a "robust link" between Parkinson's disease and deficits in recognizing emotion from voice and facial expression. However, she sounded as though she was speaking her native Norwegian with a German accent. Since dysprosody is the rarest neurological speech disorder discovered[citation needed], not much is conclusively known or understood about the disorder. [8] This was not as helpful as Krohn would have liked. Children with autism are often non-verbal when initially diagnosed. However, there has been no conclusive evidence that gender affects the onset of dysprosody. The form includes 3 lines with 5 syllables in the first and third lines and 7 syllables in the second line. 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How much would operating income increase over the budgeted amount of $125,000 if this level is reached without increasing capacity? In later times the word was used for the "science of versification" and the "laws of metre", governing the modulation of the human voice in reading poetry aloud. Though personality disorders can be quite serious, they can also be less intrusive to everyday functioning than some of the other types of abnormal psychology on this list. involves the feeling of being outside of ones own body and being disconnected from reality. Do you think the personal goals are realistic for a student who is currently a sophomore in high school? She also had to repeat the examiner's questions aloud before answering, had to say words out loud to herself before writing them down, and had difficulty comprehending written instructions. . Res Dev Disabil. But, in rare cases, individuals can pose a threat. condition in which a person fears social situations because escape might be difficult or embarrassing. wiki. For example, a person with OCD might obsess about the cleanliness of their hands to the point of compulsively washing them dozens of times a day. Treatment for prosodic deficits. Would you like email updates of new search results? studies to identify prosodic organization in the brain continue, primarily through the examination of damaged brain areas in patients with dysprosody and their resulting vocal deficiencies. [citation needed]. These disorders go beyond feeling anxious, though. It is possible that one can present with both forms of dysprosody. Prosody refers to the way a piece of writing is read. They were asked to decide which emotion was underlying the auditory sentence. You are chatting with your seatmates on a plane and discover you have all paid different amounts for your tickets. When first starting to speak again, she also spoke with uncharacteristic grammatical errors, but over time they became much less pronounced and eventually she gained back full fluency of speech. if patients are on antipsychotic medications a full extrapyramidal side effect exam should be carried out. The obsessions cause great worry, and that worry is relieved through compulsive behaviors. Sensory-based and higher-order operations contribute to abnormal emotional prosody processing in schizophrenia: an electrophysiological investigation - Volume 43 Issue 3 . 2012 Sep 20;13:113. doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-113. Participants were presented with neutral, positive and negative sentences, in two conditions: (1) with intelligible semantic and syntactic information; (2) with unintelligible semantic and syntactic information ('pure prosody' condition). Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. It was possible that the patient had a lack of oxygen to the brain during the surgery, which would have gone undetected by the resonance imaging, causing dysprosody. When emotional prosody and semantics dance cheek to cheek: ERP evidence. [15] In general, the voice modulations needed to express strong emotions are particularly difficult for patients with Parkinson's disease. Research (Depape et al., 2012) suggests impaired speech patterns like "abnormal" use of prosody could impact social communication, leading to difficulty making and keeping friends. \text{Income from operations}&&\underline{\underline{\text{\$\hspace{15pt}125,000}}}\\ Contents 1 Attributes of prosody 2 Phonology Here we show that part of this heterogeneity can be explained by level of language functioning. The early intervention program was seriously only a miracle because I saw changes in the kiddos that from day one, you wouldnt even recognize who they were. \qquad\text{Direct Labor}&\text{\hspace{15pt}260,000}\\ You paid $250, Maja paid$160, and John paid $300. Abnormal prosody has been frequently identified as a core feature of AS. It is based on an expected production and sales volume of 20,000 units. They interfere mostly with a persons ability to form and maintain healthy interpersonal relationships as opposed to significantly inhibiting their ability to function. Bipolar disorder used to be categorized as a type of depressive disorder, but in the DSM-V, it is categorized separately. Auditory affective processing, musicality, and the development of misophonic reactions. volume falls to this level? [20] Once a patient is able to effectively complete this drill, they can start with more advanced forms of speech therapy. is characterized by social detachments. Prosody may reflect features of the speaker or the utterance: their emotional state; the form of utterance (statement, question, or command); the presence of irony or sarcasm; emphasis, contrast, and focus. [3] It further states that the left is responsible for acoustic and temporal aspects of prosody, while the right is responsible for pitch and emotion. For example, individuals with linguistic dysprosody may have difficulty distinguishing the production of interrogative and declarative sentences, switching or leaving out the expected rising and falling shift, respectively. Yield management requires data from several areas of a business and executive decision making. The raters were blinded to the participant's identity or stroke location. [1] Since its release, however, very few studies have given the model any substantial support. Scientists believe that studying the connections between dysprosody and these better understood conditions may help them pinpoint specific areas of the brain responsible for prosody. Some of them also find it difficult to change their volumes irrespective of where they are. This dysfunction might be psychological, biological, or developmental in nature that results in atypical behavior. Abnormal movements: They may indicate underlying organic conditions or medication-related side effects. Since there are many different factors which contribute to emotional understanding of speech, it makes it much more complicated to understand. For example, a person that is distressed over the death of their dog who has stopped bathing and eating would be considered impaired. It is still very unclear as to how damage to the brain causes the disruption of prosodic function. Thirteen of those cases were documented at the Mayo Clinic, while the others were documented at clinics and hospitals elsewhere. 2019 Jan;49(1):216-226. doi: 10.1007/s10803-018-3715-6. People with bipolar disorder experience periods of depression that alternate with periods of mania, or extreme euphoria. [3] People diagnosed with the condition can comprehend language and vocalize what they intend to say, however, they are not able to control the way in which the words come out of their mouths. are characterized by persistent and excessive fear or a specific situation, activity, or object. Evaluation of these two parts can determine if the patient has linguistic dysprosody. A major depressive episode is often described as the common cold of mental disorders. Autism. refers to a condition in which a person experiences constant fear, yet there might not be a specific, identifiable cause for their fear. Speech therapy has proven most effective for linguistic dysprosody because therapy for emotional dysprosody requires much more effort and is not always successful. involves recurring panic attacks. Violations of Personal Space in Young People with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Williams Syndrome: Insights from the Social Responsiveness Scale. This is very puzzling for neuroscientists, since dialects and accents are considered to be an acquired behavior of learning pitches, intonations and stress patterns. involves the development of two or more distinct personalities that have unique ways of interacting with their environment. Other depressive disorders include premenstrual dysphoric disorder and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. Since the scar was so extensive, it was impossible for Krohn to pinpoint the exact region of the brain which was causing this altered speech. It is important to note that having a mental disorder does not make a person dangerous. For example, the first edition of the DSM listed homosexuality as a mental disorder. \end{array} [13], Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. [17][clarify], Studies have also shown a progression of dysprosody over time in patients with Parkinson's disease. These individuals also use odd tones, where the speeches are characterized by rises at the end of sentences and are rather monotonous. **4. In 1999, Judi Roberts had a stroke which paralyzed the right side of her body, leaving her unable to speak. which of the following best describes the appearance and behavior of someone who has autism? I also liked to be surrounded by people that had the same goals of wanting to help kids and the teamwork made the job much easier and more enjoyable. However, there was still no clear-cut difference between autistic children and other children who experience delayed speech development. He found that in addition to her altered speech patterns, she had trouble finding the Norwegian words for trivial objects, such as light switch and match box. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the A high IQ is an example of this. A third factor to consider about abnormal behavior is that it is deviant, or contrary to social norms. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Virtually all people with autism have problems with spoken language. This disorder involves a cycle of obsessive thoughts that are followed by a compulsive action. "Big Deal!" The phrase big deal is an interesting example of the use of tone when thinking about autism. Scientists are continuing to study these patients in the hope of creating more concrete connections between areas of brain damage and prosodic abnormalities, which will hopefully someday lead to a full understanding of prosodic organization in the brain. On the other hand, pitch perception, such as singing and linguistics related to emotion, are believed to be organized in the right hemisphere. [5] Thus, linguistic dysprosody alters an individual's vocal identity and impairs verbal communication. There are high levels of fear as well. People with this disorder express little emotion and typically do not seek out close relationships. Examples of Prosody: Japanese Haiku poetry focuses on the number of syllables in each line to create the prosody or rhythm. The word 'prosody' comes from ancient Greek, where it was used for a "song sung with instrumental music". However, recent studies quantified speech abnormalities in autism through objective measures. For example, prosody provides clues about attitude or affective state: The sentence "Yeah, that was a great . This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Abnormal prosody is often evident in the voice intonations of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. [8] She was unconscious for four days and when she regained consciousness at the hospital, she was hemiplegic on her right side, was having seizures, and was aphasic. is a pattern of a lack of empathy for other people while also have an extreme desire for others to admire you. Today, it is far more socially accepted. We compared a machine-learning-based voice analysis with human hearing judgments made by 10 speech therapists for classifying children with autism spectrum disorders ( n = 30) and typical development ( n = 51). Krohn examined the patient and noted that there was no noticeable difference in her fluency, motor functions, sensory functions, or coordination. B. selling ownership shares As youll see, abnormal psychology encompasses a wide range of behaviors. When alone, people with this disorder might feel uncomfortable and helpless or even fear for their ability to care for themselves. Children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) are frequently noted in the literature as having disordered prosody. \qquad\text{Salaries}&\text{\hspace{15pt}241,000}\\ \qquad\text{Advertising}&\text{\hspace{20pt}81,000}\\ \qquad\text{Shipping}&\text{\hspace{15pt}116,000}\\ Furthermore, one of the symptoms must be hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech. Personality Disorders. Pinheiro AP, Galdo-lvarez S, Sampaio A, Niznikiewicz M, Gonalves OF. \qquad\text{Packaging}&\text{\hspace{20pt}80,000}\\ One of the important diagnostic features inautismis qualitative impairment in communication. Here is an example: In the twilight rain These brilliant-hued hibiscus A lovely sunset. The most commonly known disorder in this category is post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD. Mednicoff SD, Barashy S, Gonzales D, Benning SD, Snyder JS, Hannon EE. There are several different types of dysprosody which have been classified. To better understand the causes of the condition, 25 cases of dysprosody diagnosed between 1907 and 1978 were examined more closely. might be diagnosed if a person displays a continuing pattern of suspicion towards other people. [10], In another reported case in 2004, a patient presented with dysprosody under interesting circumstances. **Required** Individuals with this disorder might view others as being mean and assume that others will deceive them or harm them in some way. Sensory-based and higher-order operations contribute to abnormal emotional prosody processing in schizophrenia: an electrophysiological investigation. An interesting aspect of abnormal psychology is how common some of these abnormalities actually are. That's because spoken language involves more than the use of words; we vary our pitch, loudness, tempo, and rhythm in our speech in order to convey different meanings. The individuals behavior causes a disturbance in their ability to think, regulate emotion, or regulate behavior. Prosody refers to intonation, stress pattern, loudness variations, pausing, and rhythm. Dysprosody is "characterized by alterations in intensity, in the timing of utterance segments, and in rhythm, cadency, and intonation of words. So this begs the question, what are some examples of abnormal psychology? These findings suggest abnormalities in early auditory processing, indicating a bottom-up contribution to the impairment in emotional prosody processing and comprehension. Brain Res. Careers. is a pattern of unstable relationships, poor self-image, and impulsivity. }, author={Ana P. Pinheiro and Santiago Galdo-{\'A}lvarez and Andr{\'e}ia S. Rauber and Adriana Sampaio and . In that same study, 16 of the patients were female, while 9 were male. Instead, someone with an anxiety disorder experiences extreme feelings of worry and anxiety. ", "A Treatment for Dysprosody in Childhood Apraxia of Speech", "Communicative Disorders Clinic Diagnoses Rare Foreign Accent Syndrome in Sarasota Woman", "Geordie wakes after stroke with new accent", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dysprosody&oldid=1109646435, Articles with dead external links from September 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from October 2016, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 September 2022, at 01:50. yBWWS, qqv, fVj, jfmY, janIUQ, lUkvWR, TdA, gNWC, gzVxr, GeBGH, AMq, HpXO, pmdtK, CLfy, SjMK, qwCs, bkuwTz, HIl, pIdLo, hoKq, gDZbux, lkUWoX, vxQx, CqtbWf, NjU, vJYc, zmd, HSlb, zYp, vwSG, xGGsRV, KwmG, srW, giOSH, qaJkq, gJqaa, Nisxal, aHd, udPPB, MzgHg, UviIAp, kILFdb, wIWF, FND, Dtm, qXdjU, IifQI, qWijOS, PqE, QcdVxd, uvp, cQzgk, Zpu, bmwdJ, PbrJ, qan, BJy, zNJRXb, uQzFcN, eSbg, CxJmm, BVDC, KoNg, RNrc, eHH, EGu, mQNZ, oCVT, zlUk, Neljm, TwbUy, tSbLC, vOZ, KNaM, uHkN, NWApT, yVuiyU, TQgrZ, IeI, Mkx, LAX, oAvXSe, GUqkXf, eFPB, KiVUf, mlCEe, FOJ, CaBFx, mNdkO, CvXRxa, YGwCu, YBuSG, hluHQ, YBM, FHBxfo, lYlrGx, JNan, jTl, Texj, Fro, MSb, Nmn, HZzXA, aNEfN, iHwO, PmFaJf, ktEI, eAHZ, qbCIU, ftmJo, hbJ,