Tungsten carbide is important in the mining, metalworking, and petroleum industries. And the density of tungsten is 19.35 g / cm3, which is 2.5 times that of steel, equivalent to that of gold. For instance, Tungstens hardness and high density makes it ideal for penetrating projectiles used by the military. Tungsten has a steel-like appearance but has a. Regarding the elastic modulus of tungsten, energy is converted to elastic deformation energy when the energy consumed by elastic deformation is stored in the material completely. Its cubic lattice a = 5.046 nm is stable below 630 . Tungsten is used in filaments in incandescent light bulbs, it is also used in electric contacts and arc-welding electrodes. Also studied this email, physical properties of tungsten alloy steels, the lowest vapour pressure on this is subject experts on earth. Twelve unstable isotopes are known. 2460 General Armistead Ave. Suite 213 Norristown, Pennsylvania 19403, United States, Main: (484) 322-2091 | Sales: (484) 322-2091. When selecting the materials to best meet the requirements of your application, the physical properties are of critical importance. Elemental tungsten is a white to steel gray metal (depending on the purity) that can be used in pure form or mixed with other metals to make alloys. Tungsten or Wolfram Facts. Tungsten is, therefore, a favorable choice for smelting molds or containers for molten metals. For additional information on specifications of the materials distributed by Ed Fagan Inc., please visit the websites of the international standards organizations that develops and publishes technical standards. The mechanical properties of tungsten are outlined in the following table. The physical properties of tungsten change with temperature. The higher the percentage, the lower the DBTT (Ductile-Brittle Transition Temperature), and vice versa. With the increase of cobalt content in the alloy or the increase of carbide grain size, the hardness of the alloy decreases . For instance, Tungsten's hardness and high density makes it ideal for penetrating projectiles used by the military. At temperatures exceeding 1650C, it has the highest tensile strength. Besides, tungsten has and crystal structures, and the lattice constant type is a stable body-centered cubic structure a = 3.16524 nm. Basic physical properties of tungsten. The chemical symbol for Tungsten is W. Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively in chemical compounds. As a family company, we are proud of our excellent track record of providing trustworthy service and developing long-lasting relationships with all of our clients for over a decade. For an Ed Fagan Inc. Tungsten data sheet, or any other Refractory Metals & Alloys data sheets, please navigate to the Data Sheets section in our Technical Library. Thank you for reading our article and we hope it can help you to have a better understanding of the physical & chemical properties of tungsten. Tungsten is a transition metal known for its outstanding properties, especially when combined with other elements in compounds such as tungsten carbide. Hard . The half-lives of other radioisotopes are all under 24 hours, and most of them are less than 8 minutes. The good electrical conductivity and the excellent thermal conductivity of tungsten should also be mentioned. Tungsten can combine with oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, etc. TZM Alloy Applications, Properties & Preparation Methods. The chemical properties of tungsten are very stable. Tungsten is a d-block element because it has a partially filled 5d orbital . Tungsten carbide (WC or W 2 C) is extremely hard and is used to make drills. Uses of Molybdenum in the Chemical Industry, Zirconium Dioxide Properties & Applications, And shielding materials for thermal insulation and radiation protection of nuclear reactors. In the presence of air, molten alkali can oxidize tungsten to tungstate. And the density of tungsten is 19.35 g / cm3, which is 2.5 times that of steel, equivalent to that of gold. WHAT ARE THE FURNACES WITH THE HIGHEST TEMPERATURE EVER MADE? Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/tungsten-or-wolfram-facts-606610. The k/ values of tungsten and molybdenum materials range from 1.22 to 2.02, indicating that both materials high DBTT can be found. Physical, Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Tungsten, How refractory metals chemical properties have impacts on the materials processing operations, Tungsten and Molybdenum Strengthening Alloy, Moly Copper and Tungsten Copper Properties, Heat of vaporization(Below boiling point)/(kJ/g). The Physical Properties of Tungsten Tungsten (W) is a rare silver-white metal and belongs to group VIB of the periodic table. ELEMENT CATEGORY: Transition Metals, Admat Inc. Main Office Tungsten is located in the same group in the periodic table, but one period lower than molybdenum. Tungsten Properties: Tungsten has a melting point of 3410+/-20C, boiling point of 5660C, specific gravity of 19.3 (20C), with a valence of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Tungsten reacts with carbon at high temperatures, which can produce hard, wear-resistant, and insoluble. Tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material, making it difficult to work. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2021, February 16). In addition, the material recovers its original properties with the release of the elastic deformation energy after removing the external force. Tungsten has the highest melting point and lowest vapor pressure of all metals, and at temperatures over 1650C has the highest tensile strength. Chemical Properties of Tungsten Tungsten enjoys high chemical stability; it can resist the corrosion caused by nearly all acid and alkaline liquids at room temperature and several molten metals at high temperatures. Tungsten Uses: The thermal expansion of tungsten is similar to that of borosilicate glass, so the metal is used for glass/metal seals. The chemical properties of tungsten are very stable. Tungsten disulfide is used as a dry high-temperature lubricant. In the presence of oxidants (NaNO3, NaNO2, KClO3, PbO2), the reaction to produce tungstate is more intense. In contrast, tungsten prepared by vapor deposition exhibits barely higher strength than that prepared by electron beam melting. Tungsten forms compounds with calcium and magnesium that have phosphorescent properties and are used in fluorescent light bulbs. What are the Military Applications of Tungsten. Headquartered in Lake Forest, California, USA,Advanced Refractory Metals (ARM)is aleading manufacturer & supplier ofrefractory metals throughout the whole world, providing customers with high-quality refractory metals such astungsten,molybdenum, tantalum,rhenium, titanium,andzirconiumat a very competitive price. Applications. Electrical properties. The bulk metal resists attack by oxygen, acids and alkalis. The tungsten oxide within phosphate glasses to investigate the structural, optical, and shielding properties variations Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics , 32 ( 9 ) ( 2021 ) , pp. Copyright 1994-2022 Advanced Refractory Metals owned by Oceania International LLC, All Rights Reserved. Tungsten possesses numerous physical properties that are unique among metals. mol1 MELTING TEMPERATURE 3695 K, 3422 C, 6192 F BOILING POINT 5828 K, 5555 C, 10031 F CRYSTAL STRUCTURE Body Centered Cubic ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY Heavy: Very high in density. Tungsten Discovery: Juan Jose and Fausto d'Elhuyar purified tungsten in 1783 (Spain), although Peter Woulfe examined the mineral which came to be known as wolframite and determined that it contained a new substance. In addition, the half-life of 185W is 75.1 days, the half-life of 188W is 69.4 days, and the half-life of 178W is 21.6 days. For additional information on specifications of the materials distributed by Ed Fagan Inc., please visit the websites of the international standards organizations that develops and publishes technical standards, ASTM International and ASM International. Let us talk about the block of tungsten. Herein, a sequential sulfidation and etching approach is developed to achieve the delicate co-control over both molecular- and nano-/micro-scale structure of WS . Tungsten has an atomic number of 74, a relative atomic mass of 183.85, and an atomic volume of 9.53 cm3 / mol. Hastelloy, Stellite, high-speed tool steel, and numerous other alloys contain tungsten. It has a silvery gray appearance. In this article, well take a look at the physical & chemical properties of tungsten. Tungsten Advantages One of the most dense metals, with a density of 19.3 g/cc Above 630 , it is converted into tungsten and this process is irreversible. Impure tungsten metal is quite brittle, although pure tungsten can be cut with a saw, spun, drawn, forged, and extruded. As tungsten is a body-centered cubic crystal, its brittleness has an inherent characteristic. Moreover, tungsten prepared by powder metallurgy and arc melting presents the highest strength with poor ductility. Tungsten is, therefore, a favorable choice for smelting molds or containers for molten metals. 1. ED FAGAN INC. supplies the highest quality special purpose metals and alloys for Aerospace/Aviation, Defense, Electronics, Magnetic, Medical, Lighting, Optical, Telecommunications, Ceramics, Heat Treating, and other high-technology industries. There are many isotopes of tungsten, but out of those isotopes, the main isotopes are 182 W (26.5%), 184 W (30.6%) and 186 W (28.4%). ThoughtCo. Tungsten | MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Metric English Physical Properties Density 19.3 g/cc 0.697 lb/in Melting Point 3370 C 6100 F Boiling Point 5900 C 10700 F Chemical Properties Atomic Mass 183.85 183.85 Atomic Number 74 74 Atomic Volume 1.59E-29 1.59E-29 Thermal Neutron Cross Section 19.2 barns/atom 19.2 barns/atom Tungsten carbide is typically specified for physical properties, but its chemical compatibility can vary depending on the metal binder. Tungsten is used in alloys, such as steel, to . In addition, tungsten has good electrical conductivity, and its elastic modulus is as high as 35000 38000 MPA (Wire). Itsmelting point is as high as 3410 C and its boiling point can reach 5927 C. Tungsten has an atomic number of 74, a relative atomic mass of 183.85, and an atomic volume of 9.53 cm3 / mol. Tungsten is one of the important strategic resources. It has excellent corrosion resistance and is attacked only slightly by most mineral acids. The element has an atomic number of 74 and an atomic mass of 184. Tungsten oxidizes in air at elevated temperatures, although it generally has excellent corrosion resistance and is minimally attacked by most acids. Tungsten is a lustrous and silvery white metal. ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/tungsten-or-wolfram-facts-606610. At standard temperature and normal pressure, -type tungsten can only appear under the condition of the presence of oxygen. Tungsten-steel alloys are used to make high speed cutting tools and rocket engine nozzles. Has the lowest coefficient of any pure metals. (Because the masses of subatomic particles are much too small to be conveniently expressed in terms of a fraction of a kilogram, physicists use the definition of mass in . Biological Role: Tungsten is the heaviest element with known biological functionality. No use in humans or other eukaryotes is known, but the element is used by bacteria and archaea in enzymes, principally as a catalyst. Tungsten has a steel-like appearance but has a high melting point, low vapor pressure, and a lowevaporation rate. Discovered in 1783 by Scheele and Torbern Bergman. Tungsten Tungsten Properties Tungsten Properties When selecting the materials to best meet the requirements of your application, the physical properties are of critical importance. The tensile properties of tungsten depend on its preparation method. Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences and is a science writer, educator, and consultant. Molybdenum has many unique properties, leading to its importance as a refractory metal (see Refractories). CERTAIN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OF TUNGSTEN, ANTIMONY, BISMUTH, TELLURIUM, CADMIUM, ZINC, AND TIN was published in Volume III Collected Experimental Papers, Volume III on page 1851. 1-5 Cemented carbide consists of a tungsten carbide phase (here abbreviated as WC) and a binder phase. It has the highest melting point of all metals at 3410C with a boiling point of . Hence, tungsten has been used in extensive and significant applications owing to its prominent properties. Occurrence, properties, and uses The amount of tungsten in Earth 's crust is estimated to be 1.5 parts per million, or about 1.5 grams per ton of rock. When tungsten compounds are introduced to soil, they inhibit earthworm reproduction. at high temperature, but not with hydrogenation. If you want to know more about tungsten and other refractory metals, you can visit Advanced Refractory Metals (ARM) for more information. Molybdenum Lanthanum Oxide Sheet Stress Relieved, Molybdenum Lanthanum Oxide Sheet Recrystalized, EFI Alloy 50 Round Bar, Square Bar, Wire Rod, Hiperco 50, Hiperco 50A & Hiperco 50 HS, Ferromagnetic Annealing Hiperco 50, 50A, 50 HS, Ferromagnetic Annealing Core Iron (VIM VAR). Electrical resistivity: 5.4 10 8 m; or m cm; Heat and conduction. Tungsten has the highest melting point and the lowest vapor pressure of the metals. Nickel-bound tungsten carbide, for instance, is more resistant to corrosion than cobalt-bound tungsten carbide. Strength of Tungsten In mechanics of materials, the strength of a materialis its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Young's modulus (GPa): Rigidity modulus (GPa): Bulk modulus (GPa): Poisson ratio: Block in the periodic table is the set of elements having similar chemical and physical properties. In particular, tungsten prepared by electron beam smelting exhibits the lowest strength and highest ductility. Tungsten bronze and other tungsten compounds are used in paints. Physical properties of tungsten. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Mechanical and Physical Properties of Tungsten Carbide Nov 30, 2022 Shaped PDC Cutter Nov 30, 2022 3 Applications of Tungsten Carbide Nov 30, 2022 Thermally Stable Polycrystalline Diamond Bit . While the name tungsten is approved by the IUPAC and is used in Nordic countries and those speaking English or French, most European countries use the name wolfram. It occurs in rocks and minerals combined with other chemicals, but never as a pure metal. Tungsten is similar to Molybdenum chemically and its chemistry . In addition, tungsten has good electrical conductivity, and its elastic modulus is as high as 35000 38000 MPA (Wire). She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels. Tungsten Isotopes: Natural tungsten consist of five stable isotopes. Tungsten is a grayish-white transition metal with atomic number 74 and element symbol W. The symbol comes from another name for the elementwolfram. Thermal conductivity: 174 W m 1 K 1; Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: 4.5 10 6 K 1; Optical properties. When selecting the materials to best meet the requirements of your application, the physical properties are of critical importance. https://www.thoughtco.com/tungsten-or-wolfram-facts-606610 (accessed December 11, 2022). When it is not heated, any concentration of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and aqua regia has no effect on tungsten. In order to investigate the effect of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) process parameters on the properties and fracture behavior of tungsten alloy, HIP experiments with different process parameters were carried out, and the relative density, Rockwell hardness, tensile properties, and tensile fracture behavior were analyzed. Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively in chemical compounds. Tungsten Physical And Mechanical Properties Tungsten Properties High Density: 19.25 g/cm High Melting Point: 3422C (6192 F) Low Vapor Pressure High Tensile Strength Low Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Low Electrical Resistivity Good Machinability High Absorption Capacity High Elastic Modulus Tungsten Applications The small, 180-hour-long experiment found no evidence of dark photons in the low-mass range of 0.7 to 0.8 electron volts/c 2 (eV/c 2), less than half a millionth the mass of the electron, the lightest known stable particle. Acid and chemical proof In the presence of oxidants (NaNO3, NaNO2, KClO3, PbO2), the reaction to produce tungstate is more intense. At room temperature, it does not react with air and water. When it is not heated, any concentration of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and aqua regia has no effect on tungsten. For an Ed Fagan Inc. Tungsten data sheet, or any other Refractory Metals & Alloys data sheets. Due to its excellent physical and chemical properties, tungsten and its alloys are used to manufacture key armor-piercing components that attack various types of armored targets, gyro inertial components for satellites, and high-temperature anti-ablation components such as rockets' combustion . China is the dominant producer of tungsten; in 2016 it produced over 80 percent of total tungsten mined, and it contained nearly two-thirds of the world's reserves. Tungsten is produced commercially by reducing tungsten oxide with carbon or hydrogen. In that case, the effect of tungstens elasticity on the deformation treatment must be considered in the deformation process. And shielding materials for thermal insulation and radiation protection of nuclear reactors. NUMBER 74 Tungsten is a naturally occurring element. Lowest thermal expansion coefficient Radiation shielding Least corrosion. Mechanical Properties of Tungsten Tungsten has the highest melting point of any metal. Tungsten is a refractory metal with excellent physical and chemical properties; it is used in large quantities for the production of cemented carbides. Its melting point is as high as 3410 C and its boiling point can reach 5927 C. Tungsten has a steel-like appearance but has a high melting point, low vapor pressure, and a low evaporation rate. Below are some tables with data on Tungsten properties, including physical and mechanical properties, chemistry and the pertinent specifications. Moreover, the degree of variation of the thermal expansion coefficient of tungsten is least susceptible to changes in the ambient temperature among all refractory metals. The name Tungsten was derived from the Nordic words "tung" and "sten", which combined mean "heavy stone" [3]. 10 Tungsten Facts - W or Atomic Number 74, Tantalum Facts (Atomic Number 73 and Element Symbol Ta), Lead Facts and Properties - Element 82 or Pb, Indium Facts: Symbol In or Atomic Number 49, Copper Facts: Chemical and Physical Properties, Silver Facts (Atomic Number 47 and Element Symbol Ag), Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College. We can simply understand it as a metal material with high hardness and good wear resistance. Hardness measurement is a fast and economical means of roughly measuring the strength of a material. Tungsten physical properties Physical Properties. Tungsten alloys tend to be strong and flexible, resist wear, and conduct electricity well. Fabrication and Heat Treatment Forming Before forming, tungsten should be preheated at 675C (1247F). When the temperature rises to 80 -100 C, among the above-mentioned acids, other than hydrofluoric acid, other acids have a weak effect on tungsten. Physical & Chemical Properties of Tungsten Tungsten is one of the important strategic resources. However, now it is known tungsten dust inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion can cause cancer and other negative health effects. Formerly known as wolframium, hence the periodic symbol W. Has the highest melting point of all metals in pure form. Word Origin: Swedish tung sten, heavy stone or wolf rahm and spumi lupi, because the ore wolframite interfered with tin smelting and was believed to devour the tin. In this article, well take a look at the, Tungsten (W) is a rare silver-white metal and belongs to group VIB of the periodic table. Other methods are adopted only for specific needs (such as ultra-high purity tungsten). If you require any additional information on our Tungsten products, please call or email us for assistance. Tungsten is a chemical element with atomic number 74 which means there are 74 protons and 74 electrons in the atomic structure. Due to its excellent physical and chemical properties, tungsten and its alloys are used to manufacture key armor-piercing components that attack various types of armored targets, gyro inertial components for satellites, and high-temperature anti-ablation components such as rockets combustion chambers, nozzles, and rudders. Excellent high temperature strength. WHAT IS THE TUNGSTEN POWDER, TUNGSTEN CARBIDE POWDER, TUNGSTEN CARBIDE METAL POWDER AND TUNGSTEN CARBIDE? Tungsten is a rare element, initially thought to be inert and only slightly toxic to humans. Tungsten is a steel-gray to tin-white metal. Tungsten has 27 man-made radioisotopes, the most stable of which is 181W, and its half-life is 121.2 days. Why are Refractory Metals Used in Nuclear Reactions? CHEMETAL USA established with the goal of providing the easiest and most efficient services to our North American customers. Required fields are marked *. For example, the melting point of tungsten can reach up to 3410Cthe highest among all metalsand it has the lowest vapor pressure and evaporation rate among all metals. All of these properties are more pronounced in tungsten than in molybdenum. Furthermore, cemented carbide contains 74-91 wt.% tungsten; thus, cemented carbide scraps are regarded as a precious secondary tungsten . The atomic mass of tungsten is 183.84 u and its density is 19.25 g/cm 3. In the presence of air, molten alkali can oxidize tungsten to tungstate. Email: info@chemetalusa.com sales@chemetalusa.com. At room temperature, it does not react with air and water. The image above is a virtual representation of tungsten metal calculated by Patrick Callet using the complex diectric function of the element only. Tungsten reacts with carbon at high temperatures, which can produce hard, wear-resistant, and insoluble tungsten carbide. At normal temperature, tungsten can be quickly dissolved in a mixed acid of hydrofluoric acid and concentrated nitric acid, but it does not work in an alkaline solution. Accurate co-control of its multiscale structures might bring fascinating properties and new opportunities, which is highly desired yet rarely achieved due to the challenging synthesis. Tungsten Properties: Tungsten has a melting point of 3410+/-20C, boiling point of 5660C, specific gravity of 19.3 (20C), with a valence of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Your email address will not be published. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Tungsten or Wolfram Facts." It functions in much the same ways as the element molybdenum does in other organisms. Hardness is one of the main mechanical properties of cemented carbide. Below are some tables with data on Tungsten properties, including physical and mechanical properties, chemistry and the pertinent specifications. Applications Tungsten is used in different kinds of furnace and lighting applications due to its high melting temperature. Tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material, making it difficult to work. Its two main oxidation states are +4 & +6 and it has five different stable isotopes that are 180 W, 182 W, 183 W, 184 W, and 186 W amongst which 182 W, 184 W, and 186 W are found to be the most abundant at 26.498%, 30.64%, and 28.426% respectively. For instance, Tungstens hardness and high density makes it ideal for penetrating projectiles used by the military. Molybdenum, atomic no. Magnesium and calcium tungstenates are used in fluorescent lighting. Tungsten's desirable properties such as resistance to high temperatures, its hardness and density, and its strengthening of alloys made it an important raw material for the arms industry, [48] [49] both as a constituent of weapons and equipment and employed in production itself, e.g., in tungsten carbide cutting tools for machining steel. The element tungsten has the atomic number of 74 and the atomic mass of 184. Tungsten Sources: Tungsten occurs in wolframite, (Fe, Mn)WO4, scheelite, CaWO4, ferberite, FeWO4, and huebnerite, MnWO4. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Tungsten or Wolfram Facts." Impure tungsten metal is quite brittle, although pure tungsten can be cut with a saw, spun, drawn, forged, and extruded. The strength of tungsten is strongly anisotropic. October 19, 2022 September 19, 2022 by Alexander High melting point: Highest among all metals. Powder metallurgy is an industrialized method applied in the production of tungsten materials. Scientists are studying the use of tetrathiotungstates for use in biological copper chelation. Tungsten (W) is a rare silver-white metal and belongs to group VIB of the periodic table. Copyright 2022 Ed Fagan Inc. - All rights reserved. 12402 - 12413 , 10.1007/s10854-021-05871- The results show that after HIP, the tungsten alloy samples obtained . Tungsten Electron Configuration: [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d4. Tungsten is a chemical element that can be found naturally on the earth's crust, and it forms compounds with other elements. Very high in tensile strength Heat resistant. What are 5 physical properties of tungsten? Tungsten is also known as wolfram, from which it takes its chemical symbol, W. Tungsten Ore (1)Feature High melting point: Highest among all metals Heavy: Very high in density Hard. Tungsten is the heaviest engineering material with a density of 19.25 g/cm3. Tungsten enjoys high chemical stability; it can resist the corrosion caused by nearly all acid and alkaline liquids at room temperature and several molten metals at high temperatures. K1, SYMBOL W Tungsten and its alloys are used to make filaments for electric lamps and television tubes, as electrical contacts, x-ray targets, heating elements, for metal evaporation components, and for numerous other high temperature applications. More specifically, the ratio of volumetric elastic modulus k to shear elastic modulus is considered to represent intrinsic brittleness in the active slip system. Its two main oxidation states are +4 & +6 and five stable isotopes ( 180 W, 182 W, 183 W, 184 W, and 186 W), among of which 182 W, 184 W, and 186 W are the most abundant at 26.498%, 30.64%, and 28.426% respectively. Copyright 2021 CHEMETAL USA, LLC All Rights Reserved. Here is a collection of tungsten or wolfram facts, including the element's properties, uses, and sources. The melting point and boiling point of tungsten are 3422 C and 5930 C respectively. . Your email address will not be published. 42, is in Group 6 (VIB) of the Periodic Table between chromium and tungsten vertically and niobium and technetium horizontally. Tungsten Plate Tungsten Round Bar | Rod Tungsten Sheet Tungsten Precision Cut Wire Tungsten Applications Tungsten Properties, 769 Susquehanna Avenue Franklin Lakes, NJ 07417, PH: 201.891.4003 | Toll Free: 800.335.6827, 10537 Humbolt Street Los Alamitos, CA 90720, PH: 562.431.2568 | Toll Free: 800.782.9657, Special Purpose Metals and Alloys for High Technology Industries. Tungsten is a steel-gray to tin-white metal. 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