24-hour rainfall amounts ending at 7 AM Saturday August 26th indicated that widespread 10 to 15 inch rainfall amounts (with isolated +15 inch amounts) had fallen over portions of San Patricio, Refugio, and Aransas Counties. Vangelis (2:50), 1981 Theme from the TV-series COSMOS / Alpha PB 5356 Holland, 1981 Titelmelodie aus der TV-Serie "Unser Kosmos" / Alpha PB 5356 West-Germany, This page was last edited on 7 December 2022, at 22:44. Please try another search. This indicates that the island subsided into an empty magma chamber at the end of the eruption sequence, rather than having been destroyed during the eruptions. [11]:218[note 1]. [14] Another sequel series from the same team (with Tyson again hosting), Cosmos: Possible Worlds, premiered on March 9, 2020, on National Geographic. The land masses of Verlaten and Lang islands were increased, as was the western part of the remnant of Rakata. On Thursday August 24th, Harvey's impact on the Middle and Upper Texas Coast seemed almost certain and potentially devastating. Find what you need to know about the federal campaign finance process. By Wednesday evening, Harvey was forecast to make landfall as a hurricane somewhere over the Texas Coast. Public library offers free services to all county residents; offers books, movies, music, programs and events for the whole family. Download our app to get access to the library anytime, anywhere using your smartphone. [citation needed] This caused several cubic kilometres of material to enter the sea, displacing an equal volume of seawater. Get the latest news and analysis in the stock market today, including national and world stock market news, business news, financial news and more Blog at WordPress.com. [12], Verbeek and others believe that the final major Krakatoa eruption was a lateral blast, or pyroclastic surge. 1. Brisbane lies at the centre of the South East Queensland metropolitan region, which encompasses a population of around 3.8 million. Nov. 8, 2022. Around noon on 27 August 1883, a rain of hot ash fell around Ketimbang (now Katibung in Lampung Province) in Sumatra. See Archive. Drought, WEATHER SAFETY Two weeks and our biggest events of the season were the culmination of an amazing summer at the Shores. $490,000. SKYWARN Staff Benjamin Lowy / Getty Images The tanker was 301 meters long, 51 meters wide, and 26 meters deep (987ft x 166ft x 88ft), with a deadweight of 214,861 long tons and a full-load displacement of 240,291 long tons. Wireless Emergency Alerts However, South Texas residents were not spared from this impact from Harvey, as heavy rainfall and flash flooding were observed over the eastern portions of the area. Even after the setbacks, our communities are determined to regain a sense of normalcy and become stronger than ever. [10][bettersourceneeded], Litigation was filed on behalf of 38,000 litigants. Recovery will continue for months - and possibly years - to come, and many families are still suffering today. The pressure wave was recorded on barographs all over the world. In general, these were found to be false, and Verbeek discounted any claims of Krakatoa still erupting after mid-October as due to steaming of hot material, landslides due to heavy monsoon rains that season, and "hallucinations due to electrical activity" seen from a distance.[30]. Read latest breaking news, updates, and headlines. Outdoor Safety, SPECIAL PROGRAMS Most of the eastern half of South Texas received 3 or more inches of rainfall, with much lower amounts farther west. After impacting the Yucatan Peninsula earlier in the month as a tropical storm, Harvey moved into the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico late on Tuesday August 22nd. Please Contact Us. Of the 21 cues, "Comet 16" is the only one that has been officially released, although some of the new music appears in the 2000 remastered DVD release. One of the earliest duties of Verbeek's committee was to determine if this was true and also verify reports of other volcanoes erupting on Java and Sumatra. [22][failed verification], The eruption injected an unusually large amount of sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas high into the stratosphere, which was subsequently transported by high-level winds all over the planet. Her hull design was of the single-hull type, constructed by National Steel and Shipbuilding Company in San Diego, California. Ocean Shores is a city in Grays Harbor County, Washington, United States. The series is notable for its groundbreaking use of special effects, which allow Sagan to seemingly walk through environments that are actually models rather than full-sized sets. The soundtrack includes pieces of music provided by Greek composer Vangelis, such as Alpha, Pulstar, and Heaven and Hell Part 1 (the last movement serves as the signature theme music for the show, and is directly referenced by the title of the fourth episode). It was executive-produced by Adrian Malone, produced by David Kennard, Geoffrey Haines-Stiles, and Gregory Andorfer, and directed by the producers, David Oyster, Richard Wells, Tom Weidlinger, and others. The slave trade regularly used the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage, and existed from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Exxon then appealed the punitive damages to the Supreme Court which capped the damages to US$507.5million in June, 2008. Extended Outlooks, TROPICAL South TX WX Journal As of 2009, it was still the most widely watched PBS series in the world. White moonbeams shining through the clouds emerged blue, and sometimes green. [21] On 30 July 2012, the Supreme Court of India granted permission for the owners of Oriental Nicety to beach her at Gujarat coast to be dismantled. This led to a global increase in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) concentration in high-level cirrus clouds. Cosmos: A Personal Voyage has been considered highly significant since its broadcast; David Itzkoff of The New York Times described it as "a watershed moment for science-themed television programming".[4]. The surge in this area peaked across the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge and the northern extent of both San Antonio and Lavaca Bays. Its single-hull design remained unaltered. The Exxon Valdez spill occurred under President George H. W. Bush, whose Environmental Protection Agency Administrator, William K. Reilly, reportedly played a significant role in mobilizing presidential support for action to contain and clean up the spill. Rivers and Lakes, FORECASTS The next highest measured wind gust was 140 mph at 10 m AGL recorded at the Aransas County Airport in Rockport by the University of Florida's Florida Coastal Monitoring Program (FCMP). Throughout the 13 hours of the series, many tracks from several 1970s albums are used, such as Albedo 0.39, Meddle, Spiral, Ignacio, Beaubourg, and China. Although the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center has accepted these new numbers, the United States Geological Survey has, as of 2022, so far not changed its estimate of 9.1. CoCoRaHS At the time of the spill, Exxon Valdez was employed to transport crude oil from the Alyeska consortium's pipeline terminal in Valdez, Alaska, to the lower 48 states of the United States. The eruption caused a volcanic winter. Both vessels were severely damaged in the incident, and Aali was towed to Weihai and Dong Fang Ocean was towed to Longyan Port in Shandong. English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Symphony No.11 In G Minor ('The Year 1905'), Op.103: The Palace Square (Adagio), Partita For Violin Solo No. The B-side of the 7" single was an edited version of Alpha, taken from the Vangelis LP Albedo 0.39. Eruptions of ash reached an estimated altitude of 6km (20,000ft) and explosions could be heard in New Batavia (Jakarta) 160km (99mi) away. The Victoria RAWS station had a peak gust of 83 mph. NWS Electricity and water services were lost. Monthly/Yearly Rainfall After repairs, Exxon Valdez was renamed Exxon Mediterranean, then SeaRiver Mediterranean in the early 1990s, when Exxon transferred its shipping business to a new subsidiary company, River Maritime Inc. Magazine; August 2022 Issue. National Outlooks Besides wind and storm surge, hurricanes and tropical storms are notorious for producing torrential rainfall and flash flooding. At first, it was thought the wave and the low pressure area would have a more west-northwest track, threatening the Lesser Antilles. ", "Numerical model for the Krakatoa hydrovolcanic explosion and tsunami", Works about the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1883_eruption_of_Krakatoa&oldid=1124586002, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles containing Indonesian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014, Articles with failed verification from February 2020, Articles needing additional references from August 2020, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. an underwater land slump or partial subsidence suddenly exposed the highly pressurized magma chamber, opening a pathway for seawater to enter the magma chamber and setting the stage for a magma-seawater interaction. Some versions of the series, including the first North American home video release (though not the DVD release), included a specially-made fourteenth episode, which consisted of an hour-long interview between Sagan and Ted Turner,[9] in which the two discussed the series and new discoveries made in the years since its first broadcast. GOES-East Satellite Local Research Nearly The town of Merak was destroyed by a tsunami which was 46 metres high. Near major flooding was observed on the Copano Creek near Refugio, with moderate flooding on the Mission River (See the Hydrology Section for the pertinent hydrographs). By then, 15 to 25 inch storm total (72-hour) rainfall amounts were observed over much of Aransas and Refugio Counties, as well as portions of San Patricio and Victoria Counties. Local Observations Page However, by Thursday August 17th, the National Hurricane Center began issuing advisories and forecasts on Tropical Cyclone Nine Thursday morning, and Tropical Storm Harvey Thursday afternoon. A special collection of stories, Live online bilingual tutoring in math, science, writing and more - free with your OCL card. . Approximately 1,000 people were killed in Sumatra;[11] there were no survivors from the 3,000people on the island of Sebesi. Sorry, the location you searched for was not found. Basic Weather Education [7][8] In 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil spill was listed as the 54th largest spill in history.[9]. Find what you need to know about the federal campaign finance process. : 416 Coral reefs, as well as other shelf-sea ecosystems, such as rocky shores, kelp The fate of northern Krakatoa has been the subject of some dispute among geologists. People also saw lavender suns and, for the first time, recorded noctilucent clouds. The population was 6,715 at the 2020 census. The U.S. Patriot Act and Ocean County Library. Below are photos taken days after the storm hit, and comparison photos taken approximately 1 year later, in August 2018. Magazine; 2022: The Pictures of the Year August 2022 Issue. [1] It won two Emmys and a Peabody Award, and has since been broadcast in more than 60 countries and seen by over 500 million people. [20] There was no El Nio during that period as is normal when heavy rain occurs in Southern California,[21] but many scientists doubt that there was a causal relationship. [6][7][8]:79 The loudness of the blast heard 160km (100mi) from the volcano has been calculated to have been 180 dB. All of this excessive precipitation resulted in major river flooding over the Guadalupe River and the Garcitas and Coleto Creeks. English Hurricane Guide [26] This was the first identification of what is known today as the jet stream. Marine Stunning and spacious ocean view one bedroom, one bath unit located on the 9th floor of La Princesa Tower.This tastefully renovated beach house is ready for your enjoyment. Norms/Records/Rankings Windward Shores Ocean Resort PO Box 7031 2062 Montauk Highway Amagansett, NY 11930. Tablets preloaded with brain games for teens! She was a relatively new tanker at the time of the spill, having been delivered to Exxon on December 16, 1986. Enjoy a range of virtual talks from bestselling authors and thought leaders. For a few days on its westward track, "Harvey" remained disorganized, and there was some uncertainty whether the low would become a tropical cyclone. 5-minute Observations Several barographs recorded the wave seven times over the course of five days: four times with the wave travelling away from the volcano to its antipodal point, and three times travelling back to the volcano. Provides on-line services including catalog search, calendar of events, programs, staff, and branch information. "Sinc Local Storm Reports In addition to donating household items and food, South Texans went out in droves to the heavily damaged areas to assist in debris removal. All Rights Reserved.Disclaimer, Connecting People - Building Community - Transforming Lives. Digging for razor clams on the beach. The ash caused "such vivid red sunsets that fire engines were called out in New York, Poughkeepsie, and New Haven to quench the apparent conflagration. [5], In early August, a Dutch topographical engineer, Captain H. J. G. Ferzenaar, investigated the Krakatoa islands. The score is often referred to as Comet, as "Comet 16" is used during the opening and closing credits of each episode. Storm Surge Threat, EDUCATION Tides [5], Eruptions at Krakatoa started again around 16 June, with loud explosions and a thick black cloud covering the islands for five days. August. It covers a wide range of Area Descriptors. The 7" single did not have the quiet keyboard intro to be found on the full Vangelis LP version originally released in 1975. Simkin, Tom, and Richard S. Fiske (editors); This page was last edited on 29 November 2022, at 13:18. Fire The change in geography after the eruption, A documentary film showed tests made by a research team at the. The seat of the eruption is believed to have been a new vent or vents that formed between Perboewatan and Danan. For The video game company, see. [22] She was then beached at Alang on 2 August 2012. Local Satellite Page Daily Video Briefing, CURRENT CONDITIONS There are numerous reports of groups of human skeletons floating across the Indian Ocean on rafts of volcanic pumice and washing up on the east coast of Africa, up to a year after the eruption. TsunamiReady, ABOUT US The subtitle began to be used more frequently in the 2010s to differentiate it from the sequel series that followed. Spanish Hurricane Guide Aviation [13] The new series was hosted by astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson and produced by the two surviving original creators, Ann Druyan and Steven Soter, with Seth MacFarlane. In 2004, an astronomer proposed the idea that the red sky shown in Edvard Munch's 1893 painting The Scream is an accurate depiction of the sky over Norway after the eruption. Not only was Harvey forecast to become a hurricane by Thursday evening, but it was expected to strengthen and make landfall as a major hurricane (Category 3 or higher) on Friday (see forecast). Most of the material deposited by the volcano is clearly magmatic in origin, and the caldera formed by the eruption is not extensively filled with deposits from the 1883 eruption. The eruption is estimated to have reached 310dB, loud enough to be heard 5,000 kilometres (3,100mi) away. [6], The pressure wave generated by the colossal third explosion radiated out from Krakatoa at 1,086km/h (675mph). On August 27, 2008, Exxon Mobil agreed to pay 75% of the US$507.5million damages ruling to settle the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill off Alaska. A hoopla BingePass gives you unlimited access to great online content - with a single borrow! After the spill, the vessel was towed to San Diego arriving on June 10, 1989, and repairs were started on June 30, 1989. 2022: The Pictures of the Year. Worse yet, once the storm moved inland, it was forecast to eventually stall and meander over South or Southeast Texas for days. Book bestwestern.com for the lowest rates. In 1981, a soundtrack LP[10] was released by RCA Records shortly after the series' airing, which included the signature theme "Movement 3" (from "Symphony to the Powers B" from the album Heaven and Hell) by Greek synthesist and composer Vangelis (catalog No. With very warm waters in the Bay of Campeche and the Western Gulf of Mexico, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) was fairly confident that the remnants of Harvey would reform into a tropical cyclone. National Weather Service Property Listing. Windward Shores. Although the violent phase of the 1883 eruption was over by late afternoon of 27 August, after light returned by 29 August, reports continued for months that Krakatoa was still in eruption. The third explosion has been reported as the loudest sound heard in historic times. Explore legal resources, campaign finance data, help for candidates and committees, and more. Cosmos: A Personal Voyage is a thirteen-part, 1980 television series written by Carl Sagan, Ann Druyan, and Steven Soter, with Sagan as presenter.It was executive-produced by Adrian Malone, produced by David Kennard, Geoffrey Haines-Stiles, and Gregory Andorfer, and directed by the producers, David Oyster, Richard Wells, Tom Weidlinger, and others.. 631.267.8600. Like nature itself, it can move slowly. Vangelis, "Sonata C-Dur Fr Trompete, Oboe, Und Basso Continuo" , "Entends-Tu Les Chiens Aboyer?" Daily Rainfall and Temps Reflections on US Environmental Policy: An Interview with William K. Reilly, "Only Double Hull Tankers Now into EU Ports" By Tanker World, May 3, 2007, "Dong Fang Ocean Type of ship: Cargo Ship Callsign: 3EPL6", Marine Accident Report: Grounding of the U.S. Tankship, "09/11/89 - Records Detail Long Hours Worked by Crew of Exxon Valdez Work Load May Point to Possible Violations", "Frequently Asked Questions About the Spill", "How Much Oil Really Spilled From the Exxon Valdez? Past Tropical Cyclones South Texas residents who experienced Harvey will long remember the storm and unfortunately many other residents will take a long time to recover from this historic and unusual tropical system. Oriental Nicety, formerly Exxon Valdez, Exxon Mediterranean, SeaRiver Mediterranean, S/R Mediterranean, Mediterranean, and Dong Fang Ocean, was an oil tanker that gained notoriety after running aground in Prince William Sound, spilling its cargo of crude oil into the sea. Your donations matter. National Hazards Graphical Madeira island events and festivities listing 2022, 2023, 2024. No signs of further activity were seen until 1913, when an eruption was reported. The storm devastated many communities throughout the Coastal Bend and into the Victoria area. Beat The Heat Change can come in increments, and it is not always clear what to make of it. Bedrooms. Fax: 631.267.9721 The third and largest explosion, at 10:02 am, was so violent that it was heard 3,110km (1,930mi) away in Perth, Western Australia, and the Indian Ocean island of Rodrigues near Mauritius, 4,800km (3,000mi) away, where the blast was thought to have been cannon fire from a nearby ship. A shed and carport were destroyed. After causing significant damaging winds and floods to South Texas, and causing catastrophic, historical, devastating, and deadly flooding over Southeast Texas, Harvey finally made its final landfall near Cameron, Louisiana during the overnight hours on Wednesday August 30th. [11]:248 It was so powerful that it ruptured the eardrums of sailors on RMS Norham Castle of the Castle Line which was hove to off Sumatra,[11]:231,234 and caused a spike of more than 8.5 kilopascals (2.5inHg) in pressure gauges attached to gasometers in the Batavia gasworks 160km (100 miles) away, sending them off the scale. According to the Brookings Institution, Colombo metropolitan area has a population of 5.6 million, and 752,993 in the Municipality. You can see more damage photos in the Photos section. In 1994, RCA Records reissued the original soundtrack compilation on compact disc and, in 2002, reissued it on its Collectables label (RCA 07863 54003-2 USA; Collectables COL-CD-6293 USA). The vast majority of those who were transported in the transatlantic CURRENT HAZARDS More heavy rainfall and flooding occurred over the Northern Gulf States on its final landfall. The BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill released 206 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico, killing hundreds of birds and marine animals. Much of the Rakata cone had been sheared away, leaving behind a 250-metre (820ft) cliff. [4] At least 36,417 deaths are attributed to the eruption and the tsunamis it created. Ocean Shores is a coastal town in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia with Billinudgel to the north and South Golden Beach and New Brighton to the east of the town. [20] Before being beached, some tried to halt the action, arguing that the vessel was in breach of the Basel Convention. Palm Beach is an incorporated town in Palm Beach County, Florida.Located on a barrier island along the Atlantic Ocean, the town is situated in tropical South Florida about 65 miles (105 km) north of Miami.It is separated by the Intracoastal Waterway from the nearby cities of West Palm Beach and Lake Worth Beach.As of the 2020 census, Palm Beach had a year-round population The ship was able to transport up to 235,000 cubic metres (1,480,000bbl) at a sustained speed of 30 kilometres per hour (16kn; 19mph), powered by a 23.60 MW (31,650 shp) diesel engine. Harvey was forecast to have winds in the eyewall between 115 and 130 mph! In the years before the 1883 eruption, seismic activity around the Krakatoa volcano was intense, with earthquakes felt as far away as Australia. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration The combination of pyroclastic flows, volcanic ash, and tsunamis associated with the Krakatoa eruptions had disastrous regional consequences. [8]:63 Hence, the wave rounded the globe three and a half times. On March 24, 1989, while owned by the former Exxon Shipping Company, captained by Joseph Hazelwood and First Mate James Kunkel,[5] and bound for Long Beach, California, the vessel ran aground on the Bligh Reef, resulting in the second largest oil spill in United States history. Ready to getaway? The latest ocean container bookings data reveals that despite the strong levels of inbound cargo during the first five months of 2022, import demand is not just softening its dropping off a cliff. Your Ocean County Library card may be used at all 21 Ocean County Library locations. Ash was propelled to an estimated height of 80km (50mi). Drain the Oceans S5 E1 - The Secrets of Pompeii's Dead TV-PG | 11.29.2022. This new version of the series was eventually released as a VHS box set. At 10:41am, a landslide tore off half of Rakata volcano, along with the remainder of the island to the north of Rakata, causing the final explosion. [23], This article is about the oil tanker. ", "Exxon Valdez | Oil Spills | Damage Assessment, Remediation, and Restoration Program", "Exxon agrees to pay out 75 percent of Valdez damages", "Exxon must pay US$480million in interest over Valdez oil tanker spill", "The former Exxon Valdez faces retirement", "9th Circuit bars Exxon Valdez from operating", "Oriental Nicety, formerly known as Exxon Valdez, to be scrapped", "Daily Vessel Casualty, Piracy & News Report", "India bars Alaska oil spill tanker Exxon Valdez", "New setback for troubled ship as India bars beaching", "SC gives green signal for beaching of US ship". It includes content from Sagan's book Comet and discussion of his theory of nuclear winter; this material was not used in subsequent television or home video releases. On March 24, 1989, while owned by the former Exxon Shipping Company, captained by Joseph Hazelwood Posted on August 25, 2022 By Astrig in Artists in Residence and other artistic pursuits + Campground Life + Gardens + Honeybees + Lobster Bakes & Kayaking + Posts with good Searsport Shores Ocean Camping Blog. NWPS [17] In early 2008, SeaRiver Maritime, an ExxonMobil subsidiary, sold Mediterranean to the Hong Kong-based shipping company, Hong Kong Bloom Shipping Ltd., which renamed the ship, once again, to Dong Fang Ocean (Chinese: ; lit. Southeast Texas beared the brunt of the heavy rainfall, with some areas receiving more than 40 inches of rain in less than 48 hours! At this point, the eruption was almost continuous and explosions could be heard every ten minutes or so. Two nearby sandbanks (called Steers and Calmeyer after the two naval officers who investigated them) were built up into islands by ashfall, but the sea later washed them away. In June 2009, a federal ruling ordered Exxon to pay an additional US$480million in interest on their delayed punitive damage awards.[12]. Owing to its bestselling companion book and soundtrack album using the title, Cosmos, the series is widely known by this title, with the subtitle omitted from home video packaging. Approximately 1,600 tons of steel were removed and replaced that July, totaling US$30million of repairs to the tanker. Kuhn, Gerald G. and Shepard, Francis Parker; Learn how and when to remove this template message, Krakatoa documentary and historical materials, "Entrance of hot pyroclastic flows into the sea: experimental observations", "Krakatau revisited: The course of events and interpretation of the 1883 eruption", "Acoustic Noise from Volcanoes: Theory and Experiment", "The Eruption of Krakatoa (also known as Krakatau) in 1883", "The eruption of Krakatoa, August 27, 1883", "How Volcanoes Work Krakatau, Indonesia 1883", "Near and far-field effects of tsunamis generated by the paroxysmal eruptions, explosions, caldera collapses and massive slope failures of the Krakatau volcano in Indonesia on August 2627, 1883", Numerical Modeling for the Krakatoa Hydrovolcanic Explosion and Tsunami, "The explosive volcanic eruption signal in northern hemisphere continental temperature records", "Relationship of El NioSouthern Oscillation and Pacific Sea Surface Temperature with Rainfall in Various Regions of the Globe", 10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<1792:roenos>2.0.co;2, "Major Volcanic Eruptions and Climate: A Critical Evaluation", 10.1175/1520-0442(1989)002<0566:mveaca>2.0.co;2, "Krakatoa provided backdrop to Munch's scream", "Why the sky was red in Munch's 'The Scream', "Mengingat Dahsyatnya Letusan Gunung Krakatau 1883, Mungkinkah Terulang Kembali? Windward Shores - Oceanfront Studio Corner - SOLD! It is estimated that as much as 1821km3 (4.35.0cumi) of ignimbrite were deposited over 1,100,000km2 (420,000sqmi), largely filling the 3040m (98131ft) deep basin around the mountain. Expedia's Hotel Search makes booking easy. [5] He noted three major ash columns (the newer from Danan), which obscured the western part of the island, and steam plumes from at least eleven other vents, mostly between Danan and Rakata. The main theme, titled Heaven and Hell, Part 1, but edited from Heaven and Hell Part 1 3rd Movement, was released in the UK as an edited 7" single by BBC Records (Cat No: BBC1). They labelled the phenomenon the "equatorial smoke stream". The eruption was one of the deadliest and most destructive volcanic events in The last hurricane to do so was Celia back on August 3rd, 1970. 1. Unfortunately, Harvey was unique. On the east side of Harvey, a storm surge up to 12.5 feet affected eastern Aransas, southeastern Refugio, and Calhoun counties. [19], In March 2012, Dong Fang Ocean was purchased by Global Marketing Systems, Inc. for scrap at an estimated US$16million and sailed under her own power to a ship breaker in Singapore. The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa (Indonesian: Letusan Krakatau 1883) in the Sunda Strait occurred from 20 May until 21 October 1883, peaking in the late morning hours of 27 August when over 70% of the island of Krakatoa and its surrounding archipelago were destroyed as it collapsed into a caldera.. Exxon appealed and the Ninth Circuit Court reduced the punitive damages to US$2.5billion. The City of Ocean Shores occupies the Point Brown peninsula on the Washington coast. [13] It then served in Europe, the Middle East and Asia. The resulting increase in cloud reflectivity (or albedo) reflected more incoming light from the sun than usual, and cooled the entire planet until the sulfur fell to the ground as acid precipitation. Initially, NHC believed Harvey would become either a strong tropical storm or a Category 1 hurricane before making landfall somewhere between Brownsville (early Friday morning) and Houston (early Saturday morning), with the most likely location near the Rockport area late Friday night . Well, the "when" happened on August 25th 2017, when Harvey made landfall along the Middle Texas Coast. Episodes began airing March 9, 2014[12] on the Fox Network and the next day on National Geographic Channel. At 10 AM CDT Wednesday August 23rd, Tropical Depression Harvey reformed. The series was first broadcast by the Public Broadcasting Service in 1980, and was the most widely watched series in the history of American public television until The Civil War (1990). [6] The size of the spill is estimated to have been 40,900 to 120,000m3 (10.8 to 31.7millionUSgal; 257,000 to 755,000bbl). Rainfall totals for Harvey decreased dramatically farther south and west, with portions of Webb County receiving no rainfall at all! Countless crews from across the country arrived to help restore power, clear debris and aid in recovery efforts. The library serves as a portal of knowledge and strengthens civic involvement. Blog at WordPress.com. The tsunamis which accompanied the eruption were believed to have been caused by gigantic pyroclastic flows entering the sea; each of the four great explosions was accompanied by large pyroclastic flows resulting from the gravitational collapse of the eruption columns. Enjoy straightforward pricing and simple licensing. 1. 44:26. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was initially documented as having a moment magnitude of 8.8. Turner Home Entertainment purchased Cosmos from series producer KCET in 1989. Harvey underwent rapid intensification and quickly became a Category 3 hurricane on Friday at 2 PM (120 mph sustained winds) and then a Category 4 hurricane (130 mph sustained winds) early Friday evening. Tropical Storm Harvey impacted the Windward Islands on Friday, August 18th, entering the Eastern Caribbean Sea as a minimal tropical storm, and eventually weakening to a tropical wave late Saturday evening. The lists do not show all contributions to every state ballot measure, or each independent expenditure committee formed to support or Many schools and churches held donation drives across the area and residents were overwhelmed by the support and generosity. MS St. Louis was a diesel-powered passenger ship properly referred to with the prefix MS or MV, built by the Bremer Vulkan shipyards in Bremen for HAPAG, better known in English as the Hamburg America Line.The ship was named after the city of St. Louis, Missouri.Her sister ship, MS Milwaukee, was also a diesel powered motor vessel owned by the Hamburg America Line. Homes that had been rebuilt and were nearing completion were heavily damaged yet again. Local Tropical Page [14] In 2002, the ship was again removed from service. Colombo (/ k l m b o / k-LUM-boh; Sinhala: , romanized: Koamba, IPA: [kolb]; Tamil: , romanized: Koumpu, IPA: ) is the executive and judicial capital and largest city of Sri Lanka by population. Over the past several years, meteorologists in South Texas (and other areas) have stated "it's not a matter of if but when" a major hurricane would strike the Middle Texas Coast. Established in 1977, Ocean Shores was originally a land holding owned by Wendell West of Washington with backing from American singer Pat Boone, and was named after Boone's As of this writing, the Guadalupe River at Victoria is expected to crest around 31.4 feet, while Bloomington is expected to crest around 30 feet. As can be seen, the recovery process is ongoing, but progress is being made. The official death toll recorded by the Dutch authorities was 36,417. Several flash flood warnings were issued during the evening and overnight hours of August 25th and 26th, as torrential tropical rains impacted the coastal counties of the Coastal Bend, as well as the Victoria Crossroads region. [29] A high wall of water is formed that is initially higher than 100 metres driven by the shocked water, basalt, and air. The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa (Indonesian: Letusan Krakatau 1883) in the Sunda Strait occurred from 20 May until 21 October 1883, peaking in the late morning hours of 27 August when over 70% of the island of Krakatoa and its surrounding archipelago were destroyed as it collapsed into a caldera. The massive rebuilding effort has not been easy. [24], The official reported death toll was 36,417,[12] although an estimate puts it at 120,000.[28]. A 14th episode, consisting of an interview between Sagan and Ted Turner, was also produced. Small eruptions, mostly of mud, continued into October 1883. France (French: ), officially the French Republic (French: Rpublique franaise [epyblik frsz]), is a transcontinental country predominantly located in Western Europe and spanning overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. By 2:00 pm, a black cloud of ash could be seen 27km (17mi) high. The eruptions diminished rapidly after that point, and by the morning of 28 August, Krakatoa was silent. The latest Lifestyle | Daily Life news, tips, opinion and advice from The Sydney Morning Herald covering life and relationships, beauty, fashion, health & wellbeing The Ocean at the End of the Lane on tour Theatre at its gob-smacking best ( Daily Telegraph) Our acclaimed stage adaptation of the novel by Neil Gaiman tours the UK and Ireland from December 2022. National Theatre at Home. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report in 2022 found that: "Since the early 1980s, the frequency and severity of mass coral bleaching events have increased sharply worldwide". In making the move to commercial television, the hour-long episodes were edited to shorter lengths, and Sagan shot new epilogues for several episodes, in which he discussed new discoveriesand alternative viewpointsthat had arisen since the original broadcast. Hong Kong Bloom Shipping, is a subsidiary of Chinese Government owned company China Ocean Shipping (Group) Corporation (COSCO). Many observing stations in South Texas with equipment measuring wind speeds were disabled before they could record the highest wind speeds. Weather Radio [15], "Travellers' Tales" redirects here. 1. A peak wind gust of 133 mph was also reported 2 miles ENE of Port Aransas at approximately 13 meters AGL (127 mph at 10 m AGL). "23 years after one of history's worst oil spills, Accusations of ExxonMobil human rights violations in Indonesia, Exxon Corp. v Exxon Insurance Consultants International Ltd. People of the State of New York v. Exxon Mobil Corp. Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exxon_Valdez&oldid=1117456790, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with trivia sections from March 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from August 2021, Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text, Articles lacking reliable references from December 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Eight-cylinder, reversible, slow-speed Sulzer marine diesel engine, Hong Kong Bloom Shipping Ltd. (20082012), This page was last edited on 21 October 2022, at 20:41. Copyright 1996-2022 Ocean County Library. Tropical Storm Warnings were issued that afternoon for Martinique, St. Lucia, Barbados, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines. However, with wind shear in the Western Gulf of Mexico weakening, Tropical Storm Harvey was intensifying quickly. Two episodes were released per disc, one episode on each side. Download the best royalty free images from Shutterstock, including photos, vectors, and illustrations. She changed hands again among scrap merchants (a common occurrence) and was eventually routed to Alang, India, under the ownership of Priya Blue Industries and at some point renamed Oriental Nicety. In 2008, she was refitted and converted from an oil tanker to an ore carrier. Life Below Zero S20 E3 - The Burden of Possessions TV-14 | 11.29.2022. Between 7:00 pm and 8:00 pm, a small tsunami hit the shores of Java and Sumatra, 40km (25mi) away. Beach Plum Resort - Rare Opportunity Dramatic Price Drop! The BBCa co-producer of Cosmoslater screened the series, but the episodes were cut to fit 50-minute slots. A Texas Tech mobile "StickNet" platform located just southeast of Aransas Pass, measured 108 mph wind gust at 2.5 m AGL (135 mph at 10 m AGL). Seawater on hot volcanic deposits on Steers and Calmeyer had caused steam to rise, which some mistook for a continued eruption. many of which are displayed at special events. Cosmos was unavailable for many years after its initial release because of copyright issues with the soundtrack music, but when it was released in 2000 on worldwide NTSC DVD, subtitles in seven languages[5] and remastered 5.1 sound were included, as well as an alternative music and sound effects track. History. The eye of Major Hurricane Harvey first made landfall on San Jose Island and then near the Rockport and Fulton, Texas area at around 10 PM CDT. Many structures, residences, and business in and near the Rockport and Fulton area were damaged or destroyed, as roofs were blown off and walls collapsed. Despite being shown again on the Science Channel, the total amount of time for the original 13 episodes (780 minutes) was reduced 25% to 585 minutes (45 minutes per episode) in order to make room for commercials.[6][7][8]. If these verify, these will be the second highest crests at these two gauges since records have been kept, with the record stage at Victoria occurring on October 20th 1998 (34.04 feet), and 34.00 feet at Bloomington on October 21st 1998. . Storm surge in Port Lavaca was also more than 10 feet and at least 6 feet in Port Aransas. The basin was 100m (330ft) deep before the eruption, and 200300m (660980ft) after.[16]. The birth of Harvey occurred on Sunday August 13th, 2017 as a tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa, eventually merging with a broad area of low pressure near the Cabo Verde Islands. Listen to the 2023 Grammy Nominees on Freegal Music! However, this low stayed more on a westward course as it moved over the open Atlantic Ocean toward the Eastern Caribbean Sea. Much higher wind gusts did occur in the city of Corpus Christi, as the Doppler radar showed velocities of 70 mph or more, just a few hundred feet off the surface. The city's infrastructure was crippled. Instead of moving inland and farther away from the coast, Harvey stalled over South and Southeast Texas for days, producing catastrophic devastating and deadly flash and river flooding. Elsewhere across South Texas, storm tide levels were from near 3 to 6 feet above ground level at Seadrift, Port O'Connor, Holiday Beach, Copano Bay, Port Aransas, and Bob Hall Pier. Ships within 20km (12mi) of the volcano reported heavy ash fall, with pieces of hot pumice up to 10cm (4in) in diameter landing on their decks. These air waves circled the globe several times and were still detectable on barographs five days later.[15]. This resulted in a storm surge of up to 12 feet that affected Port Aransas and western Aransas county. At the time it ran aground, the vessel was carrying about 201,000m3 (1.26millionbbl; 53millionUSgal) of oil. Most species within the class Phaeophyceae are In the aftermath of the eruption, it was found that Krakatoa had almost entirely disappeared, except for the southern third. The new 13-part series, referred to as Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, was originally announced to premiere in the 201213 United States network television schedule, but a Twitter update from Neil deGrasse Tyson in June 2012 indicated an early 2014 release. On August 5, 2011, plans were announced for a sequel to the series, bringing up-to-date special effects and scientific discoveries to the themes and messages of the original series. This forced the volcano's vents to be below sea level, causing: There is geological evidence which does not support the assumption that only subsidence before the explosion was the cause. Some of the pyroclastic flows reached the Sumatran coast as much as 40km (25mi) away, having apparently moved across the water on a cushion of superheated steam. 1981-2010 Normals Earthquakes were felt at Anyer, Banten, and ships began to report large pumice masses to the west in the Indian Ocean. [3] The sound wave is recorded to have travelled around the globe seven times. [27] For several years following the eruption, it was reported that the moon appeared to be blue and sometimes green. Pick the perfect hotel deal & save! By 25 August, the Krakatoa eruptions intensified. Online Weather School A brief EF-0 tornado touched down around 3 miles east-northeast of Seadrift at around 414 PM CDT on August 25th, 2017. On 27 August, four enormous explosions occurred, which marked the climax of the eruption. On 24 June, a prevailing east wind cleared the cloud, and two ash columns could be seen issuing from Krakatoa. [note 2] There are also indications of submarine pyroclastic flows reaching 15km (9.3mi) from the volcano. Multiple locations were found. Watch This. The Atlantic slave trade, transatlantic slave trade, or Euro-American slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people, mainly to the Americas. Following a bumpy launch week that saw frequent server trouble and bloated player queues, Blizzard has announced that over 25 million Overwatch 2 players have logged on in its first 10 days. Exxon Long Beach never left that route. The highest maximum storm tides were observed at the Aransas Wildlife Refuge, where the storm surge levels were more than 12 feet above ground level. It is much shorter than the original version, at four and a half hours, divided into six 45-minute episodes: The 1986 version of Cosmos contains a mix of music used in the original version, with a unique soundtrack composed by Vangelis specifically for the special edition. The warming ocean surface waters can lead to bleaching of corals which can cause serious damage and coral death. The eruption was one of the deadliest and most destructive volcanic events in recorded history. The heavy rainfall shifted northeast into Southeast Texas on Monday. This page was last edited on 13 June 2022, at 06:30 (UTC). Cosmos: A Personal Voyage is a thirteen-part, 1980 television series written by Carl Sagan, Ann Druyan, and Steven Soter, with Sagan as presenter. At about 1:00 pm on 26 August, the volcano went into its paroxysmal phase. StormReady Best Western Hotels welcome you with enhanced cleaning, updated breakfast, and flexible rates ABL 14003 and TMS-50061; both also released on cassette tape). Graphical Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. A 2006 study estimated a magnitude of In 1994, a jury awarded plaintiffs US$287million in compensatory damages and US$5billion in punitive damages. US Dept of Commerce Station History At 5:30 am, the first explosion was at Perboewatan, triggering a tsunami heading to Telok Betong, now known as Bandar Lampung. The highest measured peak 1-second wind gust was 145 mph at 8 meters AGL (152 mph at 10 m AGL) recorded at the Aransas County Airport in Rockport by the Center for Severe Weather Research. Explore legal resources, campaign finance data, help for candidates and committees, and more. All NOAA. Hourly Weather Roundup The storm surge from Harvey brought dramatically increased water and tide levels over the Texas Coast. The 1986 special edition of Cosmos features new computer animated sequences and filmed segments with Sagan, as well as new narration. At times, severe weather across the region hindered the recovery effort in several locations. In a 2009 UK release, Fremantle Media Enterprises digitally restored and remastered the original series as a five-disc DVD set which included bonus science updates. [17] In the year following the eruption, average Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures fell by 0.4C (0.72F). [13], Smaller waves were recorded on tidal gauges as far away as the English Channel. However, unlike those series, which were shot entirely on film, Cosmos used videotape for interior scenes and special effects, with film being used for exteriors and location shooting (this film-video hybrid format was common in British scripted television at the time, but less so in documentary productions). The worldwide success of the documentary series put Vangelis' music in the homes of many, and brought it to the attention of a global audience. The communities of South Texas have made significant strides in recovering from Hurricane Harvey. Cosmos was produced in 1978 and 1979 by Los Angeles PBS member station KCET on a roughly $6.3 million budget, with over $2 million additionally allocated to promotion. Thus, Major hurricane Harvey was not only forecast to produce devastating winds, but extremely heavy and excessive rainfall, producing devastating and historic flooding over areas especially east of the center of circulation (still most likely just north of Copano Bay). [11] [25], Weather watchers of the time tracked and mapped the effects on the sky. The ship journeys through the universe's hundred billion, Beginning with the separation of the fuzzy thinking and pious fraud of, Carl Sagan teaches students in a classroom in his childhood home in, Ideas about time and space are explored in the changes that, The simple act of making an apple pie is extrapolated into the, Beginning with the origins of the universe in the, The idea of intelligence is explored in the concepts of computers (using, Questions are raised about the search for intelligent life beyond the Earth, with, Sagan reflects on the future of humanity and the question of "who speaks for Earth?" MADEIRAS no 1 OFFICIAL GUIDE since 1997 Festa da Lapa is a tribute to the limpets harvested in the rocky shores around Paul do Mar, which are an important part of the local economy. Texas Rainfall On March 28th, thunderstorms developed and tracked towards the coast, resulting in strong winds and several tornadoes. Its metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean They provided much needed help to those who lost most, if not all, of their homes and possessions. Beginning on 20 May 1883, steam venting began to occur regularly from Perboewatan, the northernmost of the island's three cones. Residents across the Coastal Bend came together with the help of volunteers from across the state immediately after the storm ravaged the coastline. Carl Edward Sagan (/ s e n /; SAY-gn; November 9, 1934 December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer, planetary scientist, cosmologist, astrophysicist, astrobiologist, author, and science communicator.His best known scientific contribution is research on extraterrestrial life, including experimental demonstration of the production of amino acids from basic chemicals Oriental Nicety, formerly Exxon Valdez, Exxon Mediterranean, SeaRiver Mediterranean, S/R Mediterranean, Mediterranean, and Dong Fang Ocean, was an oil tanker that gained notoriety after running aground in Prince William Sound, spilling its cargo of crude oil into the sea. The program's format is similar to earlier BBC documentaries such as Kenneth Clark's Civilisation, Jacob Bronowski's The Ascent of Man, and David Attenborough's Life on Earth. Activity Planner It was originally proposed that the island had been blown apart by the force of the eruption. [2][3] A book was also published to accompany the series. Questions? Get information on latest national and international events & more. For the spill, see, Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1989. The explosion was heard 3,110 kilometres (1,930mi) away in Perth, Western Australia, and Rodrigues near Mauritius, 4,800 kilometres (3,000mi) away. [23], The 1883 Krakatoa eruption darkened the sky worldwide for years afterwards and produced spectacular sunsets throughout the world for many months. Find out more. Although Exxon tried briefly to return the ship to its North American fleet, it was prohibited by law from returning to Prince William Sound even though her sister ship, with the same design. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture, EPA Alumni Association: EPA Administrator William K. Reilly describes his agencys response to the massive spill. For instance, the pumice and ignimbrite deposits are not of a kind consistent with a magma-seawater interaction. Sargassum is a genus of brown (class Phaeophyceae) macroalgae in the order Fucales.Numerous species are distributed throughout the temperate and tropical oceans of the world, where they generally inhabit shallow water and coral reefs, and the genus is widely known for its planktonic (free-floating) species. MADIS Display Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II.The operation was launched on 6 June 1944 (D-Day) with the Normandy landings.A 1,200-plane airborne assault preceded an amphibious assault involving more than 5,000 vessels. The LaserDiscs for the various episodes were sold separately, not in a boxed set (as was done for VHS). NEW LISTING: CORONADO SHORES La Princesa #905: Check out our new listing in La Princesa Tower (1750 Avenida Del Mundo #905) Listing Price: $1,595,000 1 Bed / 1 Bath. [11]:297298, Ships as far away as South Africa rocked as tsunamis hit them, and the bodies of victims were found floating in the ocean for months after the event. Brisbane (/ b r z b n / BRIZ-bn) is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Queensland, and the third-most populous city in Australia and Oceania, with a population of approximately 2.6 million. Some land in Banten, approximately 90km south, was never repopulated; it reverted to jungle and is now the Ujung Kulon National Park. Local neighborhood full-service sports/live music venue bar, with a stunning Gulf view, 8 HDTVs, pool table, internet jukebox and free games in backyard. Examinations after 1930 of bathymetric charts made in 1919 show evidence of a bulge indicative of magma near the surface at the site that became Anak Krakatau. Rockport and Fulton were hardest by the storm as they took a direct hit from Harvey's eyewall. Investigation could find no evidence the volcano was awakening, and it was determined that what had been mistaken for renewed activity had actually been a major landslide (possibly the one which formed the second arc to Rakata's cliff). Below are lists of the top 10 contributors to committees that have raised at least $1,000,000 and are primarily formed to support or oppose a state ballot measure or a candidate for state office in the November 2022 general election. British artist William Ascroft made thousands of colour sketches of the red sunsets halfway around the world from Krakatoa in the years after the eruption. Climate change does not lend itself to easy documentation. The violence of the ongoing eruptions caused tides in the vicinity to be unusually high, and ships at anchor had to be moored with chains. Although there was a significant number of trees, fences and power poles down or damaged in the Corpus Christi Metropolitan area, structural damage was much more isolated. Storm Surge Maps Public libraries support lifelong learning, sustainable communities, and economic development. Price. 01:31:36 10th December 2022. News on Japan, Business News, Opinion, Sports, Entertainment and More Thus, some of the observed wind speeds tallied over South Texas may be underestimated, especially over areas near the coast and close to the eyewall of Harvey. Of the northern two-thirds of the island, only a rocky islet named Bootsmansrots ('Bosun's Rock'), a fragment of Danan, was left; Poolsche Hoed had totally disappeared. Although there was some potential for the remnants of Harvey to reorganize into a tropical cyclone, a tropical cyclone failed to form as the remnants of Harvey moved into the Yucatan Peninsula on Tuesday morning, August 22nd. The name was later shortened to S/R Mediterranean, then to simply Mediterranean in 2005. Please select one of the following: Hurricane Harvey Before and After Aerial Imagery - Courtesy of the NOAA Remote Sensing Division, ADCIRC Model Storm Surge and Inundation Hindcast for Hurricane Harvey, USGS Hurricane Harvey Storm Surge Observations, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. [15] In 2005, it began operating under the Marshall Islands flag of convenience. 3 In E, BWV 1006, Concerto For Mandolin & Strings In C Major, Hair (Original Off-Broadway Cast Recording), "Some of the missing scenes from Cosmos episode 2", "Cosmos, Episode 14: Ted Turner Interviews Dr. Sagan (1980)", "Various - The Music Of "Cosmos": Selections From The Score Of The Television Series "Cosmos" By Carl Sagan", "Library of Congress Officially Opens The Seth MacFarlane Collection of Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan Archive", "Cosmos Will Get a Sequel Hosted by Neil deGrasse Tyson", Carl Sagan Award for Public Appreciation of Science, Carl Sagan Prize for Science Popularization, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmos:_A_Personal_Voyage&oldid=1126169357, 1980s American documentary television series, Documentary television series about astronomy, Documentary television series about science, Peabody Award-winning television programs, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Carl Sagan opens the program with a description of the cosmos and a "Ship of the Imagination" (shaped like a dandelion seed). Tens of thousands of South Texas residents and businesses lost power for days, with the hardest hit areas likely losing power for several weeks. This same re-edited version was also released on 12" LaserDisc. As Harvey drifted farther north, the heavier rainfall shifted with it, with 24 hour rainfall amounts ending on Sunday August 27th of 3 or more inches over much of Victoria County and portions of Calhoun and Aransas Counties. The Corpus Christi International Airport had a 63 mph gust before it went offline. . Enhanced Data Display Submit a Storm Report [18][bettersourceneeded], On November 29, 2010, Dong Fang Ocean collided in the South China Sea with the Malta-flagged cargo ship, Aali. On the west side of Harvey, winds pushed water across Corpus Christi and Copano Bays. As Harvey slowly approached the coast, the National Weather Service in Corpus Christi issued a rare Extreme Wind Warning. 'oriental sea'), under Panama registry. Although the eye of Harvey made landfall around 30 miles northeast of the city of Corpus Christi, strong and damaging wind gusts were experienced away from the center of circulation at the Corpus Christi International Airport and in the city as well as other locations. Corpus Christi, TX426 Pinson DrCorpus Christi, TX 78406(361) 289-0959Comments? Additional seismic activity was reported until February 1884, but any reports after October 1883 were dismissed by Rogier Verbeek's subsequent investigation into the eruption. Two weeks and our biggest events of the season were the culmination of an amazing summer at the Shores. Harvey exploded rapidly from a tropical depression to a major hurricane in around 40 hours. Extreme wind warnings are issued for landfalling major hurricanes with winds of 115 mph or higher. Posted on August 25, 2022 By Astrig in Artists in Residence and other artistic pursuits + Campground Life + Gardens + Honeybees + Lobster Bakes & Kayaking + Posts with good Searsport Shores Ocean Camping Blog. The energy released from the explosion has been estimated to be equal to about 200 megatonnes of TNT (840 petajoules),[10] roughly four times as powerful as the Tsar Bomba, the most powerful thermonuclear weapon ever detonated. 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